Metallurgical Assessment of Additive Manufactured Nickel Aluminum Bronze-316L Stainless Steel Bimetallic Structure: Effect of Deposit Geometry on the Interfacial Characteristics and Cracking
Source abstract
Abstract
Wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) technique was adopted to fabricate bimetallic parts by depositing nickel aluminum bronze (NAB) in two different shapes (cylindrical rod and square bar) on a 316L stainless steel substrate. Crystallography and characteristics of the interfacial layer in both parts were investigated using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and nanoindentation techniques. Within the first layer of the deposit, several rosette-like κI particles were formed in the cylinder-NAB, whereas it is not the case in the square-NAB. In both parts, a well metallurgically bonded interface without any pores and cracks with a thin (2 μm) intermetallic layer was formed along with the interface. This interface layer is a FeAl-based intermetallic in the cylinder-NAB part, whereas it is Fe3Al intermetallic phases in the square-NAB part, as confirmed by EDS and nanohardness analysis. Occasional liquation cracks and infiltration of NAB were observed on the austenitic grain boundaries in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of 316L. The interface did not exhibit any strong texture orientation owing to the thermal gradient’s control, as NAB is more conductive than 316L. In this work, for both parts, the role of grain boundary misorientations across different grains of the interfacial layer and HAZ cracks and relative to the deposited NAB and stainless steel substrate was studied. The cylinder-NAB sample consisted of a higher fraction (75%) of low Σ3 coincident site lattice (CSL) boundaries compared to the square-NAB sample (55%). The findings were discussed in the context of the formation mechanism of the intermetallic layer.
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Research context
OpenAlex topics: Metallurgy and Material Science · Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes · Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies
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