Applying Grain Boundary Engineering and Stabilizing Heat Treatment to 321 Stainless Steel for Enhancing Intergranular Corrosion Resistance
Source abstract
Abstract
The effects of grain boundary engineering (GBE) coupled with subsequent stabilization heat treatment on the intergranular corrosion (IGC) resistance of a 321 stainless steel were studied with the boiling nitric-acid immersion corrosion tests. The proportion of low-ΣCSL grain boundaries was enhanced to more than 70% through GBE, most of which are inter-connected Σ3 and its variant grain boundaries forming highly-twinned large-size grain-clusters. After stabilizing at 900 °C, copious needle-like TiC carbides with the length directions parallel to the < 001 > directions of the matrix precipitated in grain interiors of the GBE specimen, leaving precipitate-free zones along grain boundaries. The specimen after the GBE and subsequent thermal stabilization shows a much less weight loss during the corrosion test than that adopted only GBE, stabilization or neither of them. The morphology of the stabilized GBE specimens after corrosion tests revealed that the enhancement of IGC resistance was attributed not only to the high proportion of special-structured grain boundaries, which constituted large size of highly-twinned grain-clusters, but also to the substantially reduced extent of Cr depletion at the grain boundaries by the formation of copious TiC carbides in the grain interiors.
Source: expertdata · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Hydrogen embrittlement and corrosion behaviors in metals · Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Steels · High Temperature Alloys and Creep
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (43)
Show source-provided references
1. F. Abedi and S. Serajzadeh, Mechanical Properties and Strain-Induced Martensite Transformation in Cold Rolling of 304L Stainless Steel Plate, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2018, 27(11), p 6155–6165.10.1007/s11665-018-3643-9 ↗
2. M. Salehi, M. Yeganeh, R.B. Heidari, and M. Eskandari, Comparison of the Microstructure, Corrosion Resistance, and Hardness of 321 and 310s Austenitic Stainless Steels After Thermo-Mechanical Processing, Mater. Today Commun., 2022, 31, p 103638.10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.103638 ↗
3. V. Moura, A.Y. Kina, S.S.M. Tavares, L.D. Lima, and F.B. Mainier, Influence of Stabilization Heat Treatments on Microstructure, Hardness and Intergranular Corrosion Resistance of the AISI 321 Stainless Steel, J. Mater. Sci., 2008, 43(2), p 536–540.10.1007/s10853-007-1785-5 ↗
4. S. Cho, Y.H. Lee, S. Ko, H. Park, D. Lee, S. Shin, I. Jo, Y. Kim, S.B. Lee, and S.K. Lee, Enhanced High-Temperature Compressive Strength of TiC Reinforced Stainless Steel Matrix Composites Fabricated by Liquid Pressing Infiltration Process, J. Alloys Compd., 2020, 817(C), p 152714.10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152714 ↗
5. A. Bhowmik, W.G. Zhai, W. Zhou, and S.M.L. Nai, Characterization of Carbide Particle-Reinforced 316L Stainless Steel Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting, Mater. Charact., 2021, 179, p 111360.10.1016/j.matchar.2021.111360 ↗
6. W. Feng, Z. Wang, Q. Sun, Y. He, and Y. Sun, Effect of Thermomechanical Processing via Rotary Swaging on Grain Boundary Character Distribution and Intergranular Corrosion in 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2022, 19, p 2470–2482.10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.06.032 ↗
7. C.M. Barr, A.C. Leff, R.W. Demott, R.D. Doherty, and M.L. Taheri, Unraveling the Origin of Twin Related Domains and Grain Boundary Evolution During Grain Boundary Engineering, Acta Mater., 2018, 144, p 281–291.10.1016/j.actamat.2017.10.007 ↗
8. M.L. Kronberg and F.H. Wilson, Secondary Recrystallization in Copper, J. Mater., 1949, 1(8), p 501–514.
9. V. Randle, The role of coincidence site lattice in grain boundary engineering, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2000.
10. G. Gottstein, Grain boundary migration in metals: thermodynamics, kinetics, applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA, 2010.
11. R. Jones and V. Randle, Sensitisation Behaviour of Grain Boundary Engineered Austenitic Stainless Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2010, 527(16), p 4275–4280.10.1016/j.msea.2010.03.058 ↗
12. F. Shi, R. Han, X.J. Guan, C.M. Liu, and X.W. Li, Application of Grain Boundary Engineering to Improve Intergranular Corrosion Resistance in a Fe-Cr-Mn-Mo-N High-Nitrogen and Nickel-Free Austenitic Stainless Steel, Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.), 2020, 33(06), p 33–42.10.1007/s40195-020-01000-8 ↗
13. T. Watanabe, An Approach to Grain Boundary Design of Strong and Ductile Polycrystals, Res mech., 1984, 11(1), p 47–84.
14. G. Palumbo, P.J. King, K.T. Aust, U. Erb, and P.C. Lichtenberger, Grain boundary Design and Control for Intergranular Stress-Corrosion Resistance, Scr. Metall. Mater., 1991, 25(8), p 1775–1780.10.1016/0956-716X(91)90303-I ↗
15. S.K. Pradhan, P. Bhuyan, and S. Mandal, Individual and Synergistic Influences of Microstructural Features on Intergranular Corrosion Behavior in Extra-Low Carbon type 304L Austenitic Stainless Steel, Corros. Sci., 2018, 139, p 319–332.10.1016/j.corsci.2018.05.014 ↗
16. T.G. Liu, Q. Bai, X.K. Ru, S. Xia, X.Y. Zhong, Y.H. Lu, and T. Shoji, Grain Boundary Engineering for Improving Stress Corrosion Cracking of 304 Stainless Steel, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2019, 35(4), p 477–487. https://doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2019.157066110.1080/02670836.2019.1570661 ↗
17. T.G. Liu, S. Xia, Q. Bai, B.X. Zhou, Y.H. Lu, and T. Shoji, Evaluation of Grain Boundary Network and Improvement of Intergranular Cracking Resistance in 316L Stainless Steel after Grain Boundary engineering, Materials, 2019, 12(2), p p242–242.10.3390/ma12020242 ↗
18. K. Kurihara, H. Kokawa, S. Sato, Y.S. Sato, H.T. Fujii, and M. Kawai, Grain Boundary Engineering of Titanium-Stabilized 321 Austenitic Stainless Steel, J. Mater. Sci., 2011, 46(12), p 4270–4275.10.1007/s10853-010-5244-3 ↗
19. S. Tokita, H. Kokawa, S. Kodama, Y.S. Sato, Y. Sano, Z. Li, K. Feng, and Y. Wu, Suppression of Intergranular Corrosion by Surface Grain Boundary Engineering of 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel using Laser Peening Plus Annealing, Mater. Today Commun., 2020, 25, p 101572.10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.101572 ↗
20. B. Zhao, W. Zhao, H. Shi, G. Li, and Y. Ding, The Effects of Stabilizing Treatment on Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of 316Ti Stainless Steel, Eng. Fail. Anal., 2019, 105(1), p 961–969.10.1016/j.engfailanal.2019.07.047 ↗
21. N. Parvathavarthini and U.K. Mudali, Electrochemical Techniques for Estimating the Degree of Sensitization in Austenitic Stainless Steels, Corros. Rev., 2014, 32(5–6), p 183–225.10.1515/corrrev-2014-0029 ↗
22. K. Morshed-Behbahani, P. Najafisaya, M. Pakshir, and M. Shahsavari, An Electrochemical Study on the Effect of Stabilization and Sensitization Heat Treatments on the Intergranular Corrosion Behavior of AISI 321H Austenitic Stainless Steel, Corros. Sci., 2018, 138, p 28–41.10.1016/j.corsci.2018.03.043 ↗
23. Standard practices for detecting susceptibility to intergranular attack in austenitic stainless steels ASTM A262, ASTM International, 2015
24. G. Palumbo, K.T. Aust, E.M. Lehockey, U. Erb, and P. Lin, On a More Restrictive Geometric Criterion for “Special” CSL Grain Boundaries, Scr. Mater., 1998, 38(11), p 1685–1690.10.1016/S1359-6462(98)00077-3 ↗
25. D.B. Bober, J. Lind, R.P. Mulay, T.J. Rupert, and M. Kumar, The Formation and Characterization of Large Twin Related Domains, Acta Mater., 2017, 129, p 500–509.10.1016/j.actamat.2017.02.051 ↗
26. B.W. Reed and M. Kumar, Mathematical Methods for Analyzing Highly-Twinned Grain Boundary Networks, Scr. Mater., 2005, 54(6), p 1029–1033.10.1016/j.scriptamat.2005.11.045 ↗
27. C. Cayron, Multiple Twinning in Cubic Crystals: Geometric/Algebraic Study and its Application for the Identification of the Sigma3(n) Grain Boundaries, Acta Crystallogr. Sect. A Found. Crystallogr., 2007, 63(Pt 1), p 11–29.10.1107/S0108767306044291 ↗
28. A. Berger, P.J. Wilbrandt, F. Ernst, U. Klement, and P. Haasen, On the Generation of New Orientations During Recrystallization: Recent Results on the Recrystallization of Tensile-Deformed fcc Single Crystals, Prog. Mater. Sci., 1988, 32(1), p 1–95.10.1016/0079-6425(88)90009-6 ↗
29. T.G. Liu, S. Xia, H. Li, B.X. Zhou, and Q. Bai, The Highly Twinned Grain Boundary Network Formation During Grain Boundary Engineering, Mater. Lett., 2014, 133, p 97–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2014.06.16610.1016/j.matlet.2014.06.166 ↗
30. J. Lind, S.F. Li, and M. Kumar, Twin Related Domains in 3D Microstructures of Conventionally Processed and Grain Boundary Engineered Materials, Acta Mater., 2016, 114, p 43–53.10.1016/j.actamat.2016.03.002 ↗
31. C.L. Hu, X. Shuang, L. Hui, T. Liu, B. Zhou, W. Chen, and W. Ning, Improving the Intergranular Corrosion Resistance of 304 Stainless Steel by Grain Boundary Network Control, Corros. Sci., 2011, 53(5), p 1880–1886.10.1016/j.corsci.2011.02.005 ↗
32. Q. Bai, Q. Zhao, S. Xia, B. Wang, B. Zhou, and C. Su, Evolution of Grain Boundary Character Distributions in Alloy 825 Tubes During High Temperature Annealing: Is Grain Boundary Engineering Achieved Through Recrystallization or Grain Growth?, Mater. Charact., 2017, 123, p 178–188.10.1016/j.matchar.2016.11.016 ↗
33. D.M. Haddrill, R.N. Younger, and R.G. Baker, Precipitation of Niobium Carbide on Dislocations in Austenite, Scr. Mater., 1961, 9(10), p 982–984.
34. F. Abe, M. Murata, and H. Miyazaki, Effect of TiC and NbC Carbides on Creep Life of Stainless Steels, Mater. High Temp., 2019, 36(1), p 35–47.10.1080/09603409.2018.1452365 ↗
35. H. Donthula, B. Vishwanadh, V. Singh, N. Kumar, R. Tewari, and K. Ananth, A Study on the Precipitation of Carbides in Ti-Modified Ni-Mo-Cr-based Alloy During Thermal Ageing at Elevated Temperature, Trans. Indian Inst. Met., 2022, 75, p 967–974.10.1007/s12666-021-02520-2 ↗
36. M. Sundararaman, P. Mukhopadhyay, and S. Banerjee, Carbide Precipitation in Nickel Base Superalloys 718 and 625 and their Effect on Mechanical Properties, Superalloys, 1997, 718, p 367–378.
37. X. Gao, M.L. Wang, T.G. Liu, Y.H. Lu, and A. Ejaz, Investigation on Thermo-Mechanical Processing and Intergranular Corrosion of TP347H Stainless Steel, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 37(10), p 909–917.10.1080/02670836.2021.1963917 ↗
38. H. Kokawa, M. Shimada, Z.J. Wang, Y.S. Sato, and M. Michiuchi, Grain Boundary Engineering for Intergranular Corrosion Resistant Austenitic Stainless Steel, Key Eng. Mater., 2004, 261/263(2), p 1005–1010.10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.261-263.1005 ↗
39. A.K. Srivastava, K. Das, and S.K. Toor, Corrosion Behaviour of TiC-reinforced Hadfield Manganese Austenitic Steel Matrix in-situ Composites, Open J. Met., 2015, 5(2), p 11–17.10.4236/ojmetal.2015.52002 ↗
40. K. Zhao, G. Han, T. Gao, H.B. Yang, Z. Qian, K.Q. Hu, G.L. Liu, J.F. Nie, and X.F. Liu, Interface Precipitation and Corrosion Mechanisms in a Model Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloy Strengthened by TiC Particles, Corros. Sci., 2022, 206, p 110533.10.1016/j.corsci.2022.110533 ↗
41. H. Bi, H. Kokawa, Z. Wang, M. Shimada, and Y.S. Sato, Suppression of Chromium Depletion by Grain Boundary Structural Change during Twin-Induced Grain Boundary Engineering of 304 Stainless Steel, Scr. Mater., 2003, 49(3), p 219–223.10.1016/S1359-6462(03)00261-6 ↗
42. K.S. Min and S.W. Nam, Correlation Between Characteristics of Grain Boundary Carbides and Creep–Fatigue Properties in AISI 321 Stainless Steel, J. Nucl. Mater., 2003, 322(2), p 91–97.10.1016/S0022-3115(03)00274-5 ↗
43. W. Kesternich, Dislocation-controlled Precipitation of TiC Particles and their Resistance to Coarsening, Philos. Mag. A, 1985, 52(4), p 533–548.10.1080/01418618508237645 ↗