Dynamic Response and Microstructural Characterization of Al3Zr/Al Composite Using 3D Processing Map
Source abstract
Abstract
In the present work, Al3Zr/Al composite was fabricated through the in situ route. The fabricated composite was isothermally forged in the temperature and deformation rate range of 300-450 °C and 0.001-1 s−1 to a true strain of 0.69. The flow stress behavior of the forged specimen decreased with the increase in temperature and decrease in the deformation rate. The kinetic rate calculation indicated an average hot deformation activation energy of 196 kJ/mol. The workability map showed a maximum power dissipation of 43% in a narrow working zone of 442-450 °C, 0.001 s−1. Another working zone II with an efficiency value of > 34% is observed in 386-403 °C, 0.047-0.02 s−1. Microstructural instabilities during hot forging are mostly observed at lower temperatures and higher strain rates regions, which are micro-crack, flow localization, particle cracking, and debonding. The EBSD analysis indicated a higher fraction (≥ 55%) of strain-free grains in the peak dissipation efficiency region (400 °C, 0.1 s−1, and 450 °C, 0.001 s−1). The boundary misorientation analysis confirmed the occurrence of dynamic recovery (DRV) and continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) during hot forging. Dynamic softening is also supported by PSN and is dominant in the Al3Zr and matrix interface.
Source: expertdata · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Metallurgy and Material Forming · Aluminum Alloys Composites Properties · Microstructure and mechanical properties
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (66)
Show source-provided references
1. N.R. Bandyopadhyay, S. Ghosh and A. Basumallick, New Generation Metal Matrix Composites, Mater Manuf. Process, 2017, 22, p 679–682.10.1080/10426910701384872 ↗
2. R.M. Aikin, The Mechanical Properties of In-Situ Composites, Jom, 1997, 48, p 35–39.10.1007/BF02914400 ↗
3. S.L. Pramod, S.R. Bakshi and B.S. Murty, Aluminum-Based Cast In Situ Composites: A Review, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2015, 24, p 2185–2207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-015-1424-210.1007/s11665-015-1424-2 ↗
4. H. Mirzadeh, Quantification of the Strengthening Effect of Reinforcements during Hot Deformation of Aluminum-Based Composites, Mater. Des., 2015, 65, p 80–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.09.02910.1016/j.matdes.2014.09.029 ↗
5. R. Gupta, G.P. Chaudhari and B.S.S. Daniel, Strengthening Mechanisms in Ultrasonically Processed Aluminium Matrix Composite with In-Situ Al3Ti by Salt Addition, Compos. Part B, 2017, 2018(140), p 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.12.00510.1016/j.compositesb.2017.12.005 ↗
6. J.C. Williams and E.A. Starke, Progress in Structural Materials for Aerospace Systems, Acta Mater., 2003, 51(19), p 5775–5799.10.1016/j.actamat.2003.08.023 ↗
7. P. Rambabu, N.E. Prasad and V.V. Kutumbarao, Aerospace Materials and Material Technologies, Aerosp. Mater. Mater. Technol., 2017 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2143-510.1007/978-981-10-2143-5 ↗
8. B.S.S. Daniel, V.S.R. Murthy and G.S. Murty, Metal-Ceramic Composites via In-Situ Methods, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 1997, 68(2), p 132–155.10.1016/S0924-0136(96)00020-9 ↗
9. S.C. Tjong and Z.Y. Ma, Microstructural and Mechanical Characteristics of in Situ Metal Matrix, Composites, 2000, 29(July), p 49–113.
10. G.J. Hildeman and M.J. Koczak, Aluminum Powder Metallurgy, Jom, 1986, 38(8), p 30–32.10.1007/BF03257784 ↗
11. S.K.M. Pathak, S.K. Das, P. Ramachandrarao and D.Y.U. Belov, Synthesis of Zirconium Diboride-Alumina Composite by the Self-Propagating, High Temp. Synth. Process, 2003, 34(September), p 1979–1983.
12. I. Dinaharan and N. Murugan, Microstructure and Some Properties of Aluminium Alloy AA6061 Reinforced in Situ Formed Zirconium Diboride Particulate Stir Cast Composite, Int. J. Cast. Met. Res., 2017, 2014(27), p 115–121.
13. N. Kumar, R. Kumar and S. Mohan, In-Situ Development of ZrB2 Particles and Their Effect on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AA5052 Metal-Matrix Composites, J. Mater., 2015, 80, p 129–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.05.02010.1016/j.matdes.2015.05.020 ↗
14. N. Kumar, G. Gautam, R.K. Gautam, A. Mohan and S. Mohan, Wear, Friction and Profilometer Studies of Insitu AA5052/ZrB2 Composites, Tribol. Int., 2016, 97, p 313–326.10.1016/j.triboint.2016.01.036 ↗
15. G.E. Dieter, Mechanical Metallurgy., Mech. Metall., 2011.
16. A. Kumar, K. Pal and S. Mula, Simultaneous Improvement of Mechanical Strength, Ductility and Corrosion Resistance of Stir Cast Al7075–2% SiC Micro- and Nanocomposites by Friction Stir Processing, J. Manuf. Process., 2017, 30, p 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2017.09.00510.1016/j.jmapro.2017.09.005 ↗
17. I. Verlinden, J. Driver, I. Samajdar, R.D. Doherty, “Thermo-Mechanical Processing of Metallic Materials,” (Cambridge), Elsevier, 2007.
18. A.E.-N. Eyd M. ElSayed, A.Y.A. Mohamed, M.M.Z. Ahmed, Effect of Friction Stir Processing on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of, Eng. Res. J., 2013, 137(March)
19. Z. Zhang, R. Yang, Y. Guo, G. Chen, Y. Lei, Y. Cheng and Y. Yue, Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of ZrB2/6061Al Nanocomposites Processed by Multi-Pass Friction Stir Processing, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2017, 689(1), p 411–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.02.08310.1016/j.msea.2017.02.083 ↗
20. T. Sakai, R. Kaibyshev, O. Sitdikov and A. Goloborodko, Grain Refinement in As-Cast 7475 Aluminum Alloy under Hot Deformation, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2003, 344, p 348–356.10.1016/S0921-5093(02)00440-9 ↗
21. C.M. Sellars and W.J. McTegart, On the Mechanism of Hot Deformation, Acta Metall., 1966, 14(9), p 1136–1138. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6160(66)90207-010.1016/0001-6160(66)90207-0 ↗
22. T. Sakai and J.J. Jonas, Dynamic Recrystallization: Mechanical and Microstructural Considerations, Acta Metall., 1984, 32(2), p 189–209.10.1016/0001-6160(84)90049-X ↗
23. M.H. Shaeri, M. Shaeri, M. Ebrahimi, M.T. Salehi and S.H. Seyyedein, Effect of ECAP Temperature on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloy, Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int., 2016, 26(2), p 182–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2016.03.00310.1016/j.pnsc.2016.03.003 ↗
24. Z.C. Sun, H.L. Wu, J. Cao and Z.K. Yin, Modeling of Continuous Dynamic Recrystallization of Al-Zn-Cu-Mg Alloy during Hot Deformation Based on the Internal-State-Variable (ISV) Method, Int. J. Plast., 2018, 106(February), p 73–87.10.1016/j.ijplas.2018.03.002 ↗
25. Z.C. Sun, L.S. Zheng and H. Yang, Softening Mechanism and Microstructure Evolution of As-Extruded 7075 Aluminum Alloy during Hot Deformation, Mater. Charact., 2014, 90, p 71–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2014.01.01910.1016/j.matchar.2014.01.019 ↗
26. S. Wang, L.G. Hou, J.R. Luo, J.S. Zhang and L.Z. Zhuang, Characterization of Hot Workability in AA 7050 Aluminum Alloy Using Activation Energy and 3-D Processing Map, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2015, 225, p 110–121.10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2015.05.018 ↗
27. S. Wang, J.R. Luo, L.G. Hou, J.S. Zhang and L.Z. Zhuang, Physically Based Constitutive Analysis and Microstructural Evolution of AA7050 Aluminum Alloy during Hot Compression, Mater. Des, 2016, 107, p 277–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.06.02310.1016/j.matdes.2016.06.023 ↗
28. J. Yan, Q. Lin Pan, X. Kai Zhang, X. Sun, A. de Li and X. Zhou, Characterization of Hot Deformation Behavior of Al-Zn-Mg-Mn-Zr Alloy during Compression at Elevated Temperature, J. Cent. South Univ., 2017, 24(3), p 515–520.10.1007/s11771-017-3454-4 ↗
29. Y.V.R.K. Prasad, H.L. Gegel, S.M. Doraivelu, J.C. Malas, J.T. Morgan, K.A. Lark and D.R. Barker, Modeling of Dynamic Material Behavior in Hot Deformation: Forging of Ti-6242, Metall. Trans. A, 1984, 15(10), p 1883–1892.10.1007/BF02664902 ↗
30. T.R. Dandekar, R.K. Khatirkar, A. Gupta, N. Bibhanshu, A. Bhadauria, and S. Suwas, Strain Rate Sensitivity Behaviour of Fe–21Cr-1.5Ni–5Mn Alloy and Its Constitutive Modelling, Mater. Chem. Phys., 2021, 271(November), p 124948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2021.124948.10.1016/j.matchemphys.2021.124948 ↗
31. H.J. McQueen and N.D. Ryan, Constitutive Analysis in Hot Working, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2002, 322(1–2), p 43–63.10.1016/S0921-5093(01)01117-0 ↗
32. Y.C. Lin, W. Dong, M. Zhou, D. Wen and D. Chen, A Unified Constitutive Model Based on Dislocation Density for an Al-Zn-Mg- Cu Alloy at Time-Variant Hot Deformation Conditions, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2017, 2018(718), p 165–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.01.10910.1016/j.msea.2018.01.109 ↗
33. H. Mirzadeh, Constitutive Description of 7075 Aluminum Alloy During Hot Deformation by Apparent and Physically-Based Approaches, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2015, 24(3), p 1095–1099.10.1007/s11665-015-1389-1 ↗
34. S.V.S. Narayana Murty, A. Sarkar, and P. Ramesh Narayanan, Development of Processing Map and Constitutive Relationship for Thermomechanical Processing of Aluminum Alloy AA2014, Mater. Perform. Charact., 2018, 7(1), p 20170056. https://doi.org/10.1520/MPC20170056.10.1520/MPC20170056 ↗
35. H. Mirzadeh, Constitutive Behaviors of Magnesium and Mg-Zn-Zr Alloy during Hot Deformation, Mater. Chem. Phys., 2015, 152, p 123–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2014.12.02310.1016/j.matchemphys.2014.12.023 ↗
36. M. Shalba, R. Roumina, and R. Mahmudi, Hot Deformation of the Extruded Mg e 10Li e 1Zn Alloy: Constitutive Analysis and Processing Maps, 2017, 696, p 1269–1277.10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.12.087 ↗
37. Y.V.R.K. Prasad and T. Seshacharyulu, Processing Maps for Hot Working of Titanium Alloys, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1998, 243(1–2), p 82–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(97)00782-X10.1016/S0921-5093(97)00782-X ↗
38. S.V.S. Narayana Murty, M.S. Sarma, and B.N. Rao, On the Evaluation of Efficiency Parameters in Processing Maps, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2007, 28(7), p 1581–1582.10.1007/s11661-997-0219-y ↗
39. F. Ren, F. Chen, J. Chen, and X. Tang, Hot Deformation Behavior and Processing Maps of AISI 420 Martensitic Stainless Steel, J. Manuf. Process., The Society of Manufacturing Engineers, 2018, 31, p 640–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2017.12.015.10.1016/j.jmapro.2017.12.015 ↗
40. R.D. Doherty, D.A. Hughes, F.J. Humphreys, J.J. Jonas, D. Juul Jensen, M.E. Kassner, W.E. King, T.R. McNelley, H.J. McQueen, and A.D. Rollett, Current Issues in Recrystallization: A Review, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1997, 238(2), p 219–274.10.1016/S0921-5093(97)00424-3 ↗
41. R.Z. Valiev, R.K. Islamgaliev, and I. V. Alexandrov, “Bulk Nanostructured Materials from Severe Plastic Deformation,” Prog. Mater. Sci., 2000.10.1016/S0079-6425(99)00007-9 ↗
42. T. Sakai, A. Belyakov, R. Kaibyshev, H. Miura and J.J. Jonas, Dynamic and Post-Dynamic Recrystallization under Hot, Cold and Severe Plastic Deformation Conditions, Prog. Mater. Sci., 2014, 60(1), p 130–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2013.09.00210.1016/j.pmatsci.2013.09.002 ↗
43. A. Gholinia, F.J. Humphreys and P.B. Prangnell, Production of Ultra-Fine Grain Microstructures in Al-Mg Alloys by Coventional Rolling, Acta Mater., 2002, 50(18), p 4461–4476.10.1016/S1359-6454(02)00253-7 ↗
44. “Mechanical Metallurgy - Dieter - George Ellwood.Pdf,” n.d.
45. D.A. Porter, K.E. Easterling, and M.Y. Sherif, “Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys, Third Edition,” Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys, Third Edition, 2009.10.1201/9781439883570 ↗
46. T. Sakai, H. Miura, A. Goloborodko and O. Sitdikov, Continuous Dynamic Recrystallization during the Transient Severe Deformation of Aluminum Alloy 7475, Acta Mater., 2009, 57(1), p 153–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2008.09.00110.1016/j.actamat.2008.09.001 ↗
47. R.E.R.-H. Reza Abbaschian, Lara Abbaschian, “Physical Metallurgy Principles,” Cengage Learning, 1390.
48. E.I. Poliak and J.J. Jonas, Initiation of Dynamic Recrystallization in Constant Strain Rate Hot Deformation, ISIJ Int., 2003, 43(5), p 684–691.10.2355/isijinternational.43.684 ↗
49. M. Rajamuthamilselvan, S. Ramanathan and R. Karthikeyan, Processing Map for Hot Working of SiCp/7075 Al Composites, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 2010, 20(4), p 668–674.10.1016/S1003-6326(09)60196-5 ↗
50. L. Jiao, X. Wang, H. Li, Y. Zhao, Y. Yang and J. Chen, High Strain Rate Superplasticity of in Situ Al3Zr/6063Al Composites, Rare Met. Mater. Eng., 2016, 45(11), p 2798–2803. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1875-5372(17)30043-710.1016/s1875-5372(17)30043-7 ↗
51. M. Balakrishnan, I. Dinaharan, R. Palanivel, and R. Sathiskumar, Influence of Friction Stir Processing on Microstructure and Tensile Behavior of AA6061/Al3Zr Cast Aluminum Matrix Composites, J. Manuf. Process., 2019, 38(December), p 148–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2018.12.039.10.1016/j.jmapro.2018.12.039 ↗
52. G. Gautam, N. Kumar, A. Mohan, R.K. Gautam and S. Mohan, Tribology and Surface Topography of Tri-Aluminide Reinforced Composites, Tribol. Int., 2016, 97, p 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2016.01.01410.1016/j.triboint.2016.01.014 ↗
53. G. Gautam, N. Kumar, A. Mohan, R.K. Gautam and S. Mohan, Synthesis and Characterization of Tri-Aluminide in Situ Composites, J. Mater. Sci., 2016, 51(17), p 8055–8074.10.1007/s10853-016-0076-4 ↗
54. P. Schumacher, New Studies of Nucleation Mechanism in Aluminium Alloys: Implications for Grain Refinement Practice, Mater. Sci. Technol., 1998, 14(May), p 394–404.10.1179/mst.1998.14.5.394 ↗
55. J. Yan, Q. Pan, A. Li and W. Song, Hot Compressive Deformation Based on Arrhenius and ANN Models, 2017, 27, p 638–647.
56. N. Bibhanshu, A. Bhattacharjee, and S. Suwas, Influence of Temperature and Strain Rate on Microstructural Evolution During Hot Compression of Ti-45Al-XNb-0.2C-0.2B Titanium Aluminide Alloys, Jom, 2019, 71(10), p 3552–3564. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-019-03722-2.10.1007/s11837-019-03722-2 ↗
57. H. Mirzadeh, J.M. Cabrera and A. Najafizadeh, Constitutive Relationships for Hot Deformation of Austenite, Acta Mater., 2011, 59(16), p 6441–6448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2011.07.00810.1016/j.actamat.2011.07.008 ↗
58. G. Wang, J. Zhang, W. Yan and H. Xu, Constitutive Modelling of Plastic Deformation Behaviour for AA7075-H18 Alloy Based on Hot Forming and in-Die Quenching (HFQ®) Process, Int. J. Mater. Form., 2022 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-022-01708-110.1007/s12289-022-01708-1 ↗
59. J. He, J. Wen, X. Zhou and Y. Liu, Hot Deformation Behavior and Processing Map of Cast 5052 Aluminum Alloy, Procedia Manuf., 2019, 37, p 2–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2019.12.00310.1016/j.promfg.2019.12.003 ↗
60. N. Raja and B.S.S. Daniel, Microstructural Evolution of Al-7.3Zn-2.2Mg-2Cu (Al7068) Alloy in T6 Condition during Isothermal Compression Using 3-Dimensional Processing Map, J. Alloys Compd., 2022, 902, p 163690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.16369010.1016/j.jallcom.2022.163690 ↗
61. N. Raja and B.S.S. Daniel, Physical Simulation and Processing Map of Aluminum 7068 Alloy, Mater. Perform. Charact., 2019, 8(5), p 20190018.10.1520/MPC20190018 ↗
62. H. Eldahshan, D.P. Munoz, J. Alves, E. Perchat and P.O. Bouchard, 3D Crack Initiation and Propagation Applied to Metal Forming Processes, Int. J. Mater. Form., 2022 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-022-01702-710.1007/s12289-022-01702-7 ↗
63. S.Y. Park and W.J. Kim, Difference in the Hot Compressive Behavior and Processing Maps between the As-Cast and Homogenized Al-Zn-Mg-Cu (7075 ) Alloys, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2016, 32(7), p 660–670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2016.04.006.10.1016/j.jmst.2016.04.006 ↗
64. F.J. Humphreys, Recrystallization Mechanisms in Two-Phase Alloys, Met. Sci., 1979, 13(3–4), p 136–145.10.1179/msc.1979.13.3-4.136 ↗
65. F.J. Humphreys, The Nucleation of Recrystallization at Second Phase Particles in Deformed Aluminium, Acta Metall., 1977, 25(11), p 1323–1344.10.1016/0001-6160(77)90109-2 ↗
66. Q. Yang, Z. Deng, Z. Zhang, Q. Liu, Z. Jia and G. Huang, Effects of Strain Rate on Flow Stress Behavior and Dynamic Recrystallization Mechanism of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Aluminum Alloy during Hot Deformation, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2016, 662, p 204–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.03.02710.1016/j.msea.2016.03.027 ↗