Study on Microstructure and Tribological Behavior of Additively Manufactured Graphene/AlSi10Mg Composite
Source abstract
Abstract
In the past decade, additive manufacturing, particularly laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), gained significant attention for its ability to process not only metallic alloys but also metal matrix composites. In this investigation, a graphene-reinforced AlSi10Mg composite was prepared via low-energy ball milling and L-PBF. The primary objective of this study was to examine the effect of graphene incorporation on the tribological properties of the resulting composite. We determined the wear rate and coefficient of friction through two-body dry sliding wear experiments conducted at sliding velocities of 1, 1.5, and 2 m/s with normal loads of 20, 40, and 60 N. The results indicate that the embedded graphene in the composite exhibits lubricating properties. Compared to unreinforced AlSi10Mg, the hardness of 0.2 wt.%-Gr/AlSi10Mg and 0.1 wt.%-Gr/AlSi10Mg composite samples increased by approximately 25 and 14%, respectively. Raman analysis of the worn surface confirmed graphene`s contribution to the improvement in wear resistance. Due to the increased hardness, the graphene-reinforced AlSi10Mg composite samples exhibit a decreased wear rate. This, in turn, resulted in smaller particulate sizes compared to unreinforced AlSi10Mg, which contributed to the overall wear rate reduction.
Source: expertdata · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies · Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes · Aluminum Alloys Composites Properties
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (46)
Show source-provided references
1. S.A. Tofail, E.P. Koumoulos, A. Bandyopadhyay, S. Bose, L. O’Donoghue, and C. Charitidis, Additive Manufacturing: Scientific and Technological Challenges, Market Uptake and Opportunities, Mater. Today, 2018, 21(1), p 22–37.10.1016/j.mattod.2017.07.001 ↗
2. G. Prashar, H. Vasudev, and D. Bhuddhi, Additive Manufacturing: Expanding 3D Printing Horizon in Industry 4.0, Int. J. Interact. Des. Manuf., 2022 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12008-022-00956-410.1007/s12008-022-00956-4 ↗
3. B. AlMangour, Additive Manufacturing of Emerging Materials, Springer, Berlin, 2019.10.1007/978-3-319-91713-9 ↗
4. P. Bai, Y. Jin, Z. Zhao, L. Li, M. Liang, H. Liao, W. Zhao, Y. Hu, and W. Du, Microstructure and Tribological Behavior of Graphene/Al Composites Produced by Selective Laser Melting, Mater. Res. Express, 2019, 6(10), p 1065c1.10.1088/2053-1591/ab3ef5 ↗
5. Q. Yan, B. Chen, and J. Li, Super-High-Strength Graphene/Titanium Composites Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting, Carbon, 2021, 174, p 451–462.10.1016/j.carbon.2020.12.047 ↗
6. W. Chen, T. Yang, L. Dong, A. Elmasry, J. Song, N. Deng, A. Elmarakbi, T. Liu, H.B. Lv, and Y.Q. Fu, Advances in Graphene Reinforced Metal Matrix Nanocomposites: Mechanisms, Processing, Modelling, Properties and Applications, Nanotechnol. Precis. Eng., 2020, 3(4), p 189–210.10.1016/j.npe.2020.12.003 ↗
7. C. Lee, X. Wei, J.W. Kysar, and J. Hone, Measurement of the Elastic Properties and Intrinsic Strength of Monolayer Graphene, Science, 2008, 321(5887), p 385–388.10.1126/science.1157996 ↗
8. A.A. Balandin, Thermal Properties of Graphene and Nanostructured Carbon Materials, Nat. Mater., 2011, 10(8), p 569–581.10.1038/nmat3064 ↗
9. K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, S.V. Morozov, D.E. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S.V. Dubonos, I.V. Grigorieva, and A.A. Firsov, Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films, Science, 2004, 306(5696), p 666–669.10.1126/science.1102896 ↗
10. P. Morampudi, V.V. Ramana, K. Bhavani, C.K. Reddy, and K.S.R. Vikas, Wear and Corrosion Behavior of AA6061 Metal Matrix Composites with Ilmenite as Reinforcement, Mater. Today Proc., 2022, 52, p 1515–1520.10.1016/j.matpr.2021.11.228 ↗
11. S. Zhang, Z. Chen, P. Wei, W. Liu, Y. Zou, Y. Lei, S. Yao, S. Zhang, B. Lu, and L. Zhang, Wear Properties of Graphene/Zirconia Biphase Nano-reinforced Aluminium Matrix Composites Prepared by SLM, Mater. Today Commun., 2022, 30, p 103009.10.1016/j.mtcomm.2021.103009 ↗
12. S. Zhang, P. Wei, Z. Chen, B. Li, K. Huang, Y. Zou, and B. Lu, Graphene/ZrO2/Aluminum Alloy Composite with Enhanced Strength and Ductility Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion, J. Alloys Compd., 2022, 910, p 164941.10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.164941 ↗
13. C. Ramesh, C. Srinivas, and B. Channabasappa, Abrasive Wear Behaviour of Laser Sintered Iron–SiC Composites, Wear, 2009, 267(11), p 1777–1783.10.1016/j.wear.2008.12.026 ↗
14. T. Eyre, Wear Characteristics of Metals, Tribol. Int., 1976, 9(5), p 203–212.10.1016/0301-679X(76)90077-3 ↗
15. D. Gu, H. Wang, F. Chang, D. Dai, P. Yuan, Y.-C. Hagedorn, and W. Meiners, Selective Laser Melting Additive Manufacturing of TiC/AlSi10Mg Bulk-Form Nanocomposites with Tailored Microstructures and Properties, Phys. Procedia, 2014, 56, p 108–116.10.1016/j.phpro.2014.08.153 ↗
16. N. Read, W. Wang, K. Essa, and M.M. Attallah, Selective Laser Melting of AlSi10Mg Alloy: Process Optimisation and Mechanical Properties Development, Mater. Des., 2015, 1980–2015(65), p 417–424.10.1016/j.matdes.2014.09.044 ↗
17. L. Ceschini, A. Dahle, M. Gupta, A.E.W. Jarfors, S. Jayalakshmi, A. Morri, F. Rotundo, S. Toschi, R.A. Singh, and L. Ceschini, Tribological Characteristics of Al and Mg Nanocomposites, Alum. Magnes. Met. Matrix Nanocompos., 2017 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2681-2_510.1007/978-981-10-2681-2_5 ↗
18. D. Kumar, S. Singh, and S. Angra, Dry Sliding Wear and Microstructural Behavior of Stir-Cast al6061-Based Composite Reinforced with Cerium Oxide and Graphene Nanoplatelets, Wear, 2023, 516, p 204615.10.1016/j.wear.2022.204615 ↗
19. A. Das, V. Yadav, B. AlMangour, H.C. Prasad, N. Sathish, M. Ashiq, and A. Srivastava, Additive Manufacturing of Graphene Reinforced 316L Stainless Steel Composites with Tailored Microstructure and Mechanical Properties, Mater. Chem. Phys., 2023, 303, p 127826.10.1016/j.matchemphys.2023.127826 ↗
20. H. Zhou, C. Wu, D.-Y. Tang, X. Shi, Y. Xue, Q. Huang, J. Zhang, A.H. Elsheikh, and A.M.M. Ibrahim, Tribological Performance of Gradient Ag-Multilayer Graphene/TC4 Alloy Self-Lubricating Composites Prepared by Laser Additive Manufacturing, Tribol. Trans., 2021, 64(5), p 819–829.10.1080/10402004.2021.1922789 ↗
21. B. AlMangour, D. Grzesiak, J. Cheng, and Y. Ertas, Thermal Behavior of the Molten Pool, Microstructural Evolution, and Tribological Performance During Selective Laser Melting of TiC/316L Stainless Steel Nanocomposites: Experimental and Simulation Methods, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2018, 257, p 288–301.10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.01.028 ↗
22. T. Yu, J. Liu, Y. He, J. Tian, M. Chen, and Y. Wang, Microstructure and Wear Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Nanocomposites Manufactured Using Selective Laser Melting, Wear, 2021, 476, p 203581.10.1016/j.wear.2020.203581 ↗
23. S. Wen, K. Chen, W. Li, Y. Zhou, Q. Wei, and Y. Shi, Selective Laser Melting of Reduced Graphene Oxide/S136 Metal Matrix Composites with Tailored Microstructures and Mechanical Properties, Mater. Des., 2019, 175, p 107811.10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107811 ↗
24. M. Gürbüz, T. Mutuk, and P. Uyan, Mechanical, Wear and Thermal Behaviors of Graphene Reinforced Titanium Composites, Met. Mater. Int., 2021, 27, p 744–752.10.1007/s12540-020-00673-1 ↗
25. Y. Wang, J. Shi, S. Lu, and Y. Wang, Selective Laser Melting of Graphene-Reinforced Inconel 718 Superalloy: Evaluation of Microstructure and Tensile Performance, J. Manuf. Sci. Eng., 2017, 139(4), p 041005.10.1115/1.4034712 ↗
26. A. Mandal, J.K. Tiwari, B. AlMangour, N. Sathish, S. Kumar, M. Kamaraj, M. Ashiq, and A. Srivastava, Tribological Behavior of Graphene-Reinforced 316L Stainless-Steel Composite Prepared via Selective Laser Melting, Tribol. Int., 2020, 151, p 106525.10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106525 ↗
27. J.K. Tiwari, A. Mandal, A. Rudra, D. Mukherjee, and N. Sathish, Evaluation of Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Bilayer Graphene Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composite Produced by Hot Accumulative Roll Bonding, J. Alloys Compd., 2019, 801, p 49–59.10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.06.127 ↗
28. I. Bitharas, N. Parab, C. Zhao, T. Sun, A. Rollett, and A. Moore, The Interplay Between Vapour, Liquid, and Solid Phases in Laser Powder Bed Fusion, Nat. Commun., 2022, 13(1), p 2959.10.1038/s41467-022-30667-z ↗
29. P. Deng, M. Karadge, R.B. Rebak, V.K. Gupta, B.C. Prorok, and X. Lou, The Origin and Formation of Oxygen Inclusions in Austenitic Stainless Steels Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion, Addit. Manuf., 2020, 35, p 101334.
30. B.-B. Jung, H.-K. Lee, and H.-C. Park, Effect of Grain Size on the Indentation Hardness for Polycrystalline Materials by the Modified Strain Gradient Theory, Int. J. Solids Struct., 2013, 50(18), p 2719–2724.10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2013.05.002 ↗
31. Y. Peng, Z. Wang, and K. Zou, Friction and Wear Properties of Different Types of Graphene Nanosheets as Effective Solid Lubricants, Langmuir, 2015, 31(28), p 7782–7791.10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00422 ↗
32. W. Zhai, X. Shi, J. Yao, A.M.M. Ibrahim, Z. Xu, Q. Zhu, Y. Xiao, L. Chen, and Q. Zhang, Investigation of Mechanical and Tribological Behaviors of Multilayer Graphene Reinforced Ni3Al Matrix Composites, Compos. B Eng., 2015, 70, p 149–155.10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.10.052 ↗
33. Z. Zhao, P. Bai, R. Misra, M. Dong, R. Guan, Y. Li, J. Zhang, L. Tan, J. Gao, and T. Ding, AlSi10Mg Alloy Nanocomposites Reinforced with Aluminum-Coated Graphene: Selective Laser Melting, interfacial Microstructure and Property Analysis, J. Alloys Compd., 2019, 792, p 203–214.10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.04.007 ↗
34. Z. Hu, F. Chen, J. Xu, Q. Nian, D. Lin, C. Chen, X. Zhu, Y. Chen, and M. Zhang, 3D Printing Graphene-Aluminum Nanocomposites, J. Alloys Compd., 2018, 746, p 269–276.10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.02.272 ↗
35. H. Wu, Y. Ren, J. Ren, A. Cai, M. Song, Y. Liu, X. Wu, Q. Li, W. Huang, and X. Wang, Effect of Melting Modes on Microstructure and Tribological Properties of Selective Laser Melted AlSi10Mg Alloy, Virtual Phys. Prototyp., 2020, 15(sup1), p 570–582.10.1080/17452759.2020.1811932 ↗
36. L. Wu, Z. Zhao, P. Bai, W. Zhao, Y. Li, M. Liang, H. Liao, P. Huo, and J. Li, Wear Resistance of Graphene Nano-platelets (GNPs) Reinforced AlSi10Mg Matrix Composite Prepared by SLM, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2020, 503, p 144156.10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.144156 ↗
37. A.D. Moghadam, E. Omrani, P.L. Menezes, and P.K. Rohatgi, Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Self-Lubricating Metal Matrix Nanocomposites Reinforced by Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) and Graphene: A Review, Compos. B Eng., 2015, 77, p 402–420.10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.03.014 ↗
38. B.N. Yadav, G. Verma, D. Muchhala, R. Kumar, and D. Mondal, Effect of MWCNTs Addition on the Wear and Compressive Deformation Behavior of LM13-SiC-MWCNTs Hybrid Composites, Tribol. Int., 2018, 128, p 21–33.10.1016/j.triboint.2018.07.013 ↗
39. M.R. Rosenberger, E. Forlerer, and C.E. Schvezov, Wear Behavior of AA1060 Reinforced with Alumina Under Different Loads, Wear, 2009, 266(1–2), p 356–359.10.1016/j.wear.2008.06.007 ↗
40. L. Wu, Z. Zhao, P. Bai, W. Zhao, Y. Li, M. Liang, H. Liao, P. Huo, and J. Li, Wear Resistance of Graphene Nano-platelets (GNPs) Reinforced AlSi10Mg Matrix Composite Prepared by SLM, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2020, 15(503), p 144156.10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.144156 ↗
41. A.C. Ferrari and J. Robertson, Interpretation of Raman Spectra of Disordered and Amorphous Carbon, Phys. Rev. B, 2000, 61(20), p 14095.10.1103/PhysRevB.61.14095 ↗
42. T.M.G. Mohiuddin, A. Lombardo, R.R. Nair, A. Bonetti, G. Savini, R. Jalil, N. Bonini et al., Uniaxial Strain in Graphene by Raman Spectroscopy: G Peak Splitting, Grüneisen Parameters, and Sample Orientation, Phys. Rev. B, 2009, 79(20), p 205433.10.1103/PhysRevB.79.205433 ↗
43. A.C. Ferrari, J.C. Meyer, V. Scardaci, C. Casiraghi, M. Lazzeri, F. Mauri, S. Piscanec, D. Jiang, K.S. Novoselov, S. Roth, and A.K. Geim, Raman Spectrum of Graphene and Graphene Layers, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2006, 97(18), p 187401.10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.187401 ↗
44. S. Raadnui, Wear Particle Analysis—Utilization of Quantitative Computer Image Analysis: A Review, Tribol. Int., 2005, 38(10), p 871–878.10.1016/j.triboint.2005.03.013 ↗
45. J.-F. Li, L. Zhang, J.-K. Xiao, and K.-C. Zhou, Sliding Wear Behavior of Copper-Based Composites Reinforced with Graphene Nanosheets and Graphite, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 2015, 25(10), p 3354–3362.10.1016/S1003-6326(15)63970-X ↗
46. J. Zhang and A. Alpas, Delamination Wear in Ductile Materials Containing Second Phase Particles, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1993, 160(1), p 25–35.10.1016/0921-5093(93)90494-Y ↗