Effect of Inter-pass Layer Temperatures on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Inconel 625 Fabricated Using Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing
Source abstract
Abstract
A large amount of heat is involved in the wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) process under high deposition rate conditions. Energy accumulation affects the properties of the parts being produced. This article discusses the effect of inter-pass layer temperature on the microstructural and mechanical characterization of Inconel 625. Three samples were additively manufactured for three different inter-pass layer temperatures (100, 200, and 300 °C) using the WAAM technique. The analysis shows that the grain morphology varies with different IPTs. Compared to the sample deposited with IPT 100 °C, the sample deposited with IPT 300 °C has less Cr, Nb, and Mo. Electron backscatter diffraction identified the grain size increased from 30.83 to 70.77 µm with increasing IPT. Grain boundary distribution angles also significantly varied with a change in IPTs. The variation in peak intensity identified the preferred crystal orientation through x-ray diffraction analysis. The decrease in inter-pass layer temperatures increased ultimate tensile strength by 7.3% and yield strength by 10.4%. The average microhardness values increased by 11.5% with a reduction of IPT.
Source: expertdata · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes · Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies · High Entropy Alloys Studies
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (44)
Show source-provided references
1. M. Liu, Q. Wang, Y. Cai, D. Lu, Y. Pei, H. Zhang, Y. Liu, and Q. Wang, Dependence on Manufacturing Directions of Tensile Behavior and Microstructure Evolution of Selective Laser Melting Manufactured Inconel 625, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2022 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-022-07622-610.1007/s11665-022-07622-6 ↗
2. F. Wang, H. Liu, J. Li, H. Wan, L. Yu, and B. Liu, Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Inconel 625 Foils, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2023 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-023-08114-x10.1007/s11665-023-08114-x ↗
3. X. Yu, J. Xue, Q. Shen, Z. Zheng, N. Ou, and W. Wu, Dual-Wire Plasma Arc Additively Manufactured SS 316L-Inconel 625 Functionally Graded Material: Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2023, 32(3), p 1412–1422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-022-07158-910.1007/s11665-022-07158-9 ↗
4. T. Borowski, A. Brojanowska, M. Kost, H. Garbacz, and T. Wierzchoń, Modifying the Properties of the Inconel 625 Nickel Alloy by Glow Discharge Assisted Nitriding, Vacuum, 2009, 83(12), p 1489–1493.10.1016/j.vacuum.2009.06.056 ↗
5. E.O. Olakanmi, S.T. Nyadongo, K. Malikongwa, S.A. Lawal, A. Botes, and S.L. Pityana, Multi-Variable Optimisation of the Quality Characteristics of Fiber-Laser Cladded Inconel-625 Composite Coatings, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2019, 357, p 289–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.09.06310.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.09.063 ↗
6. F.A. Khalid, N. Hussain, and A.H. Qureshi, Microstructural Study on Oxidation of Aluminized Coating on Inconel 625, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2002, 11(2), p 211–214.10.1361/105994902770344286 ↗
7. L. Mataveli Suave, J. Cormier, D. Bertheau, P. Villechaise, A. Soula, Z. Hervier, and F. Hamon, High Temperature Low Cycle Fatigue Properties of Alloy 625, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2016, 650, p 161–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.10.02310.1016/j.msea.2015.10.023 ↗
8. M. Karmuhilan and S. Kumanan, A Review on Additive Manufacturing Processes of Inconel 625, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2021 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-021-06427-310.1007/s11665-021-06427-3 ↗
9. S. Fan, X. Guo, Z. Li, J. Ma, F. Li, and Q. Jiang, A Review of High-Strength Aluminum-Copper Alloys Fabricated by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2023 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-023-08233-510.1007/s11665-023-08233-5 ↗
10. B.K. Chigilipalli, Investigation of Microstructural Properties and Mechanical Behavior of Wire Arc Additively Manufactured Incoloy 825, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2023 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-023-08195-810.1007/s11665-023-08195-8 ↗
11. B. Tomar, S. Shiva, and T. Nath, A Review on Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing: Processing Parameters, Defects, Quality Improvement and Recent Advances, Mater. Today Commun., 2022, 31, p 103739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.10373910.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.103739 ↗
12. A. Mishra, A. Raj, M. Mukherjee, and R.K. Singh, Bimetallic Structure of Ti6Al4V/IN718 with CuSi Interlayer for Wire–Arc Directed Energy Deposition Process, Met. Mater. Int., 2023 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-022-01381-810.1007/s12540-022-01381-8 ↗
13. A.R. Kannan, S.M. Kumar, R. Pramod, N.S. Shanmugam, M. Vishnukumar, and S.G. Channabasavanna, Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Ni-Cu Alloy Fabricated through Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, Mater. Lett., 2022, 308, p 131262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2021.13126210.1016/j.matlet.2021.131262 ↗
14. S. Selvi, A. Vishvaksenan, and E. Rajasekar, Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) Technology–An Overview, Def. Technol., 2018, 14(1), p 28–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2017.08.00210.1016/j.dt.2017.08.002 ↗
15. X. Yin, G. He, W. Meng, Z. Xu, L. Hu, and Q. Ma, Comparison Study of Low-Heat-Input Wire Arc-Fabricated Nickel-Based Alloy by Cold Metal Transfer and Plasma Arc, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2020, 29(7), p 4222–4232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-04942-310.1007/s11665-020-04942-3 ↗
16. B. Wu, D. Ding, Z. Pan, D. Cuiuri, H. Li, J. Han, and Z. Fei, Effects of Heat Accumulation on the Arc Characteristics and Metal Transfer Behavior in Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of Ti6Al4V, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2017, 250, p 304–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.07.03710.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.07.037 ↗
17. B. Wu, Z. Pan, D. Ding, D. Cuiuri, and H. Li, Effects of Heat Accumulation on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti6Al4V Alloy Deposited by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, Addit. Manuf., 2018, 23, p 151–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.08.00410.1016/j.addma.2018.08.004 ↗
18. F. Montevecchi, G. Venturini, N. Grossi, A. Scippa, and G. Campatelli, Heat Accumulation Prevention in Wire-Arc-Additive-Manufacturing Using Air Jet Impingement, Manuf. Lett., 2018, 17, p 14–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mfglet.2018.06.00410.1016/j.mfglet.2018.06.004 ↗
19. B. Wu, Z. Pan, D. Ding, D. Cuiuri, H. Li, and Z. Fei, The Effects of Forced Interpass Cooling on the Material Properties of Wire Arc Additively Manufactured Ti6Al4V Alloy, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2018, 258, p 97–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.03.02410.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.03.024 ↗
20. F. Montevecchi, G. Venturini, N. Grossi, A. Scippa, and G. Campatelli, Idle Time Selection for Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing: A Finite Element-Based Technique, Addit. Manuf., 2018, 21, p 479–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.01.00710.1016/j.addma.2018.01.007 ↗
21. Y. Ma, D. Cuiuri, C. Shen, H. Li, and Z. Pan, Effect of Interpass Temperature on In-Situ Alloying and Additive Manufacturing of Titanium Aluminides Using Gas Tungsten Arc Welding, Addit. Manuf., 2015, 8, p 71–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2015.08.00110.1016/j.addma.2015.08.001 ↗
22. W. Yangfan, C. Xizhang, and S. Chuanchu, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Inconel 625 Fabricated by Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2019, 374(May), p 116–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.05.07910.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.05.079 ↗
23. C. Shen, Z. Pan, D. Cuiuri, D. Ding, and H. Li, Influences of Deposition Current and Interpass Temperature to the Fe3Al-Based Iron Aluminide Fabricated Using Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing Process, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2017, 88(5), p 2009–2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-016-8935-310.1007/s00170-016-8935-3 ↗
24. Y. Ma, D. Cuiuri, C. Shen, H. Li, and Z. Pan, Effect of Interpass Temperature on In-Situ Alloying and Additive Manufacturing of Titanium Aluminides Using Gas Tungsten Arc Welding, Addit. Manuf., 2015, 8, p 71–77.
25. V. Hugo, P. Moraes, F. Werley, and C. Farias, Prediction of the Interpass Temperature of a Wire Arc Additive Manufactured Wall: FEM Simulations and Artificial Neural Network o Da Cruz Pay A, Addit. Manuf., 2021, 48, p 102387.
26. Y. Lei, J. Xiong, and R. Li, Effect of Inter Layer Idle Time on Thermal Behavior for Multi-Layer Single-Pass Thin-Walled Parts in GMAW-Based Additive Manufacturing, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2018, 96(1–4), p 1355–1365.10.1007/s00170-018-1699-1 ↗
27. Y. Lee, M. Nordin, S.S. Babu, and D.F. Farson, Effect of Fluid Convection on Dendrite Arm Spacing in Laser Deposition, Metall. Mater. Trans., 2014, 45, p 1520–1529.10.1007/s11663-014-0054-7 ↗
28. J. Nguejio, F. Szmytka, S. Hallais, A. Tanguy, S. Nardone, and M. Godino Martinez, Comparison of Microstructure Features and Mechanical Properties for Additive Manufactured and Wrought Nickel Alloys 625, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2019, 764, p 138214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.13821410.1016/j.msea.2019.138214 ↗
29. Y. Chen, M. Xu, T. Zhang, J. Xie, K. Wei, S. Wang, L. Yin, and P. He, Grain Refinement and Mechanical Properties Improvement of Inconel 625 Alloy Fabricated by Ultrasonic-Assisted Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing, J. Alloys Compd., 2022, 910, p 164957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.16495710.1016/j.jallcom.2022.164957 ↗
30. K. Sirin, S.Y. Sirin, and E. Kaluc, Influence of the Interpass Temperature on t 8/5 and the Mechanical Properties of Submerged Arc Welded Pipe, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2016, 238, p 152–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.07.00810.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.07.008 ↗
31. K. Poorhaydari, B.M. Patchett, and D.G. Ivey, Estimation of Cooling Rate in the Welding of Plates with Intermediate Thickness, Weld. J., 2005, 84, p 149–155.
32. A.P. Silva, A. Garcia, and J.E. Spinelli, Microstructure Morphologies during the Transient Solidification of Hypomonotectic and Monotectic Al-Pb Alloys Microstructure Morphologies during the Transient Solidification of Hypomonotectic and Monotectic Al-Pb Alloys, J. Alloys Compd., 2011, 509(41), p 10098–10104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.08.04910.1016/j.jallcom.2011.08.049 ↗
33. H. Zhao, G. Zhang, Q. Zhang, C. Zhang, and Y. Li, Joining Mechanism and Mechanical Properties of Metallic Bump Assisted Weld-Bonded (MBaWB) Joints of AA6061-T6 and Bare DP590, J. Manuf. Process., 2020, 50, p 204–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2019.12.01810.1016/j.jmapro.2019.12.018 ↗
34. K. Liu, Z. Yan, F. Wang, K. Li, S. Lin, and S. Chen, Microstructure, Texture and Mechanical Properties of Inconel GH4169 Superalloy Fabricated by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing with Arc Oscillation, J. Alloys Compd., 2023, 952, p 170070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.17007010.1016/j.jallcom.2023.170070 ↗
35. S.H. Baghjari and S.A.A. Akbarimousavi, Experimental Investigation on Dissimilar Pulsed Nd: YAG Laser Welding of AISI 420 Stainless Steel to Kovar Alloy, J. Mater., 2014, 57, p 128–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.12.05010.1016/j.matdes.2013.12.050 ↗
36. J.F. Wang, Q.J. Sun, H. Wang, J.P. Liu, and J.C. Feng, Effect of Location on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Additive Layer Manufactured Inconel 625 Using Gas Tungsten Arc Welding, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2016, 676, p 395–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.09.01510.1016/j.msea.2016.09.015 ↗
37. P. Henrique, G. Dornelas, F. Werley, C. Farias, V. Hugo, and P. Moraes, Influence of the Interpass Temperature on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Weld Metal (AWS A5. 18 ER70S-6) of a Narrow Gap Welded API 5L X70 Pipe Joint, Int. J. Press. Vessels Pip., 2022, 199, p 104690.10.1016/j.ijpvp.2022.104690 ↗
38. X.L. Wang, Y.T. Tsai, J.R. Yang, Z.Q. Wang, X.C. Li, and C.J. Shang, Effect of Interpass Temperature on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Multi-pass Weld Metal in a 550-MPa-Grade Offshore Engineering Steel, Welding in the World, 2017, 61, p 1155–1168.10.1007/s40194-017-0498-x ↗
39. C. Hu, C. He, X. Gan, X. Wan, F. Hu, W. Zhou, H. Wang, and K. Wu, Probing the Impact of Grain Interior and Grain Boundaries on the Mechanical Behavior of a High-Mn Austenitic Steel, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2022, 21, p 5098–5110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.11.08510.1016/j.jmrt.2022.11.085 ↗
40. M. Karmuhilan and S. Kumanan, Location-Dependent Microstructure Analysis and Mechanical Behavior of Inconel 625 Using Cold Metal Transfer(CMT) Based Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing, Vacuum, 2023, 207, p 111682.10.1016/j.vacuum.2022.111682 ↗
41. T.E. Abioye, D.G. McCartney, and A.T. Clare, Laser Cladding of Inconel 625 Wire for Corrosion Protection, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2015, 217, p 232–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2014.10.02410.1016/j.jmatprotec.2014.10.024 ↗
42. K. Feng, Y. Chen, P. Deng, Y. Li, H. Zhao, F. Lu, R. Li, J. Huang, and Z. Li, Improved High-Temperature Hardness and Wear Resistance of Inconel 625 Coatings Fabricated by Laser Cladding, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2017, 243, p 82–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.12.00110.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.12.001 ↗
43. Y. Chen, M. Xu, T. Zhang, J. Xie, K. Wei, S. Wang, L. Yin, and P. He, Grain Refinement and Mechanical Properties Improvement of Inconel 625 Alloy Fabricated by Ultrasonic-Assisted Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing, J. Alloys Compd., 2022, 910, p 164957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.16495710.1016/j.jallcom.2022.164957 ↗
44. B. Kumar and C. Anandakrishnan, Investigation of the Corrosion Behavior of Wire Arc Additively Manufactured Alloy 825, Trans. Indian Inst. Met., 2022 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-022-02656-910.1007/s12666-022-02656-9 ↗