Characterization of (AlCrTiVZr)N High-Entropy Coating Produced by Cathodic Arc Evaporation
Source abstract
Abstract
High-entropy alloy nitride (HEN) coating of (AlCrTiVZr)N was deposited onto 17-4PH stainless steel substrates using the cathodic arc evaporation (CAE) technique. The composition and resulting microstructure were analyzed, and key mechanical properties including solid particle erosion resistance and sliding wear resistance were measured in the as-deposited condition. The coating had a relatively rough surface and contained small spherical droplets and large splats throughout the coating thickness. It had a single-phased solid solution B1 nitride phase with a preferred (111) orientation. The coating retained the as-deposited microstructure upon high temperature annealing, but experienced nitride phase decomposition at a temperature 800 °C or above. The hardness of the as-deposited nitride fell into the range of 27.5 ± 2.10 GPa and its elastic modulus was 284 ± 23 GPa. Dry sliding wear tests revealed the higher wear rates of the coating when compared with the wear rates of TiN coatings under various testing conditions. The coating had an erosion rate that increased with the impingement angle and demonstrated a combination of ductile and brittle erosion damage modes. Comparing to the CAE deposited TiN coating, the HEN nitride coating showed a lower wear and erosion resistance, which is attributed to the presence of a large quantity of defects in the coating. Reducing number of droplets/splats becomes very important for having better high-entropy nitride coating quality and hence the better coating performance against wear and erosion.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Metal and Thin Film Mechanics · High Entropy Alloys Studies · High-Temperature Coating Behaviors
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (48)
Show source-provided references
1. J. Yeh, S. Chen, S. Lin, J. Gan, T. Chin, T. Shun, C. Tsau, and S. Chang, Nanostructured High-Entropy Alloys with Multiple Principal Elements: Novel Alloy Design Concepts and Outcomes, Adv. Eng. Mater., 2004, 6, p 299–303. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.20030056710.1002/adem.200300567 ↗
2. A. Pogrebnjak, V. Yakushchenko, A. Bagdasaryan, O. Bondar, R. Krause-Rehberg, G. Abadias, P. Chartier, K. Oyoshi, Y. Takeda, V. Beresnev, and O. Sobol, Microstructure, Physical and Chemical Properties of Nanostructured (Ti-Hf-Zr-V-Nb)N Coatings under Different Deposition Conditions, Mater. Chem. Phys., 2014, 147, p 1079–1091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2014.06.06210.1016/j.matchemphys.2014.06.062 ↗
3. W. Li, P. Liu, and P. Liaw, Microstructures and Properties of High-Entropy Alloy Films and Coatings: A Review, Mater. Res. Lett., 2018, 6, p 199–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/21663831.2018.143424810.1080/21663831.2018.1434248 ↗
4. D. Moskovskikh, S. Vorotilo, V. Buinevich, A. Sedegov, K. Kuskov, A. Khort, C. Shuck, M. Zhukovskyi, and A. Mukasyan, Extremely Hard and Tough High Entropy Nitride Ceramics, Sci. Rep., 2020, 10, p 19874. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-76945-y10.1038/s41598-020-76945-y ↗
5. Y. Zhao, S. Chen, Y. Chen, S. Wu, W. Xie, W. Yan, S. Wang, B. Liao, and S. Zhang, Super-Hard and Anti-corrosion (AlCrMoSiTi)Nx High Entropy Nitride Coatings by Multi-arc Cathodic Vacuum Magnetic Filtration Dposition, Vacuum, 2022, 195, p 110685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2021.11068510.1016/j.vacuum.2021.110685 ↗
6. M. Kuczyk, T. Krulle, M. Zawischa, J. Kaspar, O. Zimmer, M. Leonhardt, C. Leyens, and M. Zimmermann, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of High Entropy Alloy Nitride Coatings Deposited Via Direct Current Cathodic Vacuum Arc Deposition, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2022, 448, p 128916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2022.12891610.1016/j.surfcoat.2022.128916 ↗
7. P. Cui, W. Li, P. Liu, K. Zhang, F. Ma, X. Chen, R. Feng, and P. Liaw, Effects of Nitrogen Content on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of (AlCrTiZrHf)N High-Entropy Alloy Nitride Films, J. Alloys Compd., 2020, 834, p 155063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.15506310.1016/j.jallcom.2020.155063 ↗
8. S.Y. Chang, S.Y. Lin, Y.C. Huang, and C.L. Wu, Mechanical Properties, Deformation Behaviors and Interface Adhesion of (AlCrTaTiZr)Nx Multi-component Coatings, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2010, 204, p 3307–3314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.03.04110.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.03.041 ↗
9. Y.C. Lin, S.Y. Hsu, R.W. Song, W.L. Lo, Y.T. Lai, S.Y. Tsai, and J.G. Duh, Improving the Hardness of High Entropy Nitride (Cr0.35Al0.25Nb0.12Si0.08V0.20)N Coatings Via Tuning Substrate Temperature and Bias for Anti-wear Applications, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2020, 403, p 126417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.12641710.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.126417 ↗
10. C. Zhang, X. Lu, H. Zhou, Y. Wang, X. Sui, Z. Shi, and J. Hao, Construction of a Compact Nanocrystal Structure for (CrNbTiAlV)Nx High-Entropy Nitride Films to Improve the Tribo-Corrosion Performance, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2022, 429, p 127921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2021.12792110.1016/j.surfcoat.2021.127921 ↗
11. W. Lo, S. Hsu, Y. Lin, S. Tsai, Y. Lai, and J. Duh, Improvement of High Entropy Alloy Nitride Coatings (AlCrNbSiTiMo)N on Mechanical and High Temperature Tribological Properties by Tuning Substrate Bias, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2020, 401, p 126247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.12624710.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.126247 ↗
12. P. Martin, Handbook of Deposition Technologies for Films and Coatings: Science, Applications and Technology, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2009.
13. B. Beake, J. Endrino, C. Kimpton, G. Fox-Rabinovich, and S. Veldhuis, Elevated Temperature Repetitive Micro-scratch Testing of AlCrN, TiAlN and AlTiN PVD Coatings, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 2017, 69, p 215–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2017.08.01710.1016/j.ijrmhm.2017.08.017 ↗
14. J. Mo, M. Zhu, A. Leyland, and A. Matthews, Impact Wear and Abrasion Resistance of CrN, AlCrN and AlTiN PVD Coatings, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2013, 215, p 170–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.08.07710.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.08.077 ↗
15. W.D. Munz, Titanium Aluminum Nitride Films: A New Alternative to TiN Coatings, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., 1986, 4, p 2717–2725. https://doi.org/10.1116/1.57371310.1116/1.573713 ↗
16. Y. Zhang, H. Wu, X. Yu, and Di. Tang, Role of Cr in the High-Temperature Oxidation Behavior of CrxMnFeNi High-Entropy Alloys at 800 °C in Air, Corros. Sci., 2022, 200, p 110211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2022.11021110.1016/j.corsci.2022.110211 ↗
17. D.D. Xu, B.L. Zhou, Q.Q. Wang, J. Zhou, W.M. Yang, C.C. Yang, L. Xue, X.D. Fan, L.Q. Ma, and B.L. Shen, Effects of Cr Addition on Thermal Stability, Soft Magnetic Properties and Corrosion Resistance of FeSiB Amorphous Alloys, Corros. Sci., 2018, 138, p 20–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2018.04.00610.1016/j.corsci.2018.04.006 ↗
18. O. Samoilova, N. Shaburova, K. Pashkeev, M. Samoduriva, and E. Trofimo, Al0.25CoCrFeNiV High Entropy Alloy Coating Deposited by Laser Cladding on Stainless Steel, Materials, 2022, 15, p 7058. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1520705810.3390/ma15207058 ↗
19. Y.Y. Chang and C.H. Chung, Tribological and Mechanical Properties of Multicomponent CrVTiNbZr(N) Coatings, Coatings, 2021, 11, p 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings1101004110.3390/coatings11010041 ↗
20. E.G. Campari, A. Casagrande, E. Colombini, M.L. Gualtieri, and P. Veronesi, The Effect of Zr Addition on Melting Temperature Microstructure, Recrystallization and Mechanical Properties of a Cantor High Entropy Alloy, Materials, 2021, 14, p 5994. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1420599410.3390/ma14205994 ↗
21. J. Zhang, X. Xu, Y. Gao, G. Chen, W. Chen, and X. You, Effect of Zr Addition on Microstructure and Properties of Al-Mn-Si-Zn-Based Alloy, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 2014, 24, p 3872–3878. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(14)63545-710.1016/S1003-6326(14)63545-7 ↗
22. J. Chen, P. Miu, Y. Liu, Y. Lu, X. Wang, Y. Peng, and J. Liu, Effect of Zr Content on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AlCoCrFeNi High Entropy Alloy, Mater. Des., 2016, 94, p 39–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.01.03310.1016/j.matdes.2016.01.033 ↗
23. A. Amanov, Y.-S. Pyin, J.-H. Kim, and S. Sasaki, The Usability and Preliminary Effectiveness of Ultrasonic Nanocrystalline Surface Modification Technique on Surface Properties of Silicon Carbide, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2014, 311, p 448–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.05.08910.1016/j.apsusc.2014.05.089 ↗
24. L. Aihua, D. Jianxin, C. Haibing, C. Yangyang, and Z. Jun, Friction and Wear properties of TiNTiAlN, AlTiN and CrAlN PVD Nitride Coatings, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 2012, 31, p 82–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2011.010.1016/j.ijrmhm.2011.0 ↗
25. P. Panjan, A. Drnovsek, P. Gselman, M. Cekada, and M. Panjan, Review of Growth Defects in Thin Films Prepared by PVD Techniques, Coatings, 2020, 10, p 477. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings1005044710.3390/coatings10050447 ↗
26. P. Siemroth, M. Laux, H. Pursch, J. Sachtleben, M. Balden, V. Rohde, and R. Neu, Diameters and Velocities of Droplets Emitted from the Cu Cathode of a Vacuum Arc, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 2018, 47, p 3470–3477. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2019.291251810.1109/TPS.2019.2912518 ↗
27. S. Grigoriev, A. Vereschaka, F. Milovich, N. Sitnkov, N. Andreev, J. Bublikov, C. Sotova, and I. Sadov, Investigation of the Influence of Microdroplets on the Coatings Nanolayer Structure, Coatings, 2020, 10, p 1204. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings1012120410.3390/coatings10121204 ↗
28. B. Murty, High-Entropy Alloys, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2014.
29. A. Patterson, The Scherrer Formula for x-ray Particle Size Determination, Phys. Rev., 1939, 56, p 978–982. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.56.97810.1103/PhysRev.56.978 ↗
30. N. Nussbaum, M.A.P. Yazdi, A. Michau, E. Monsifrot, F. Schuster, H. Maskrot, and A. Billard, Mechanical Properties and High Temperature Oxidation Resistance of (AlCrTiV)N Coatings Synthesized by Cathodic Arc Evaporation, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2022, 434, p 128228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2022.12822810.1016/j.surfcoat.2022.128228 ↗
31. L. Karlsson, A. Horlins, M.P. Johansson, L. Hultman, and G. Ramanath, The Influence of Thermal Annealing on Residual Stresses and Mechanical Properties of Arc-evaporated TiCxN1−x (x = 0, 0.15 and 0.45) thin films, Acta Mater., 2002, 50, p 5103–5114. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6454(02)00365-810.1016/S1359-6454(02)00365-8 ↗
32. K. Yalamanchili, F. Wang, I.C. Schramm, J.M. Andersson, M.P. Johansson Jöesaar, F. Tasnádi, F. Mücklich, N. Ghafoor, and M. Odén, Exploring the High Entropy Alloy Concept in (AlTiVNbCr)N, Thin Solid Films, 2017, 636, p 346–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2017.06.02910.1016/j.tsf.2017.06.029 ↗
33. A. Kirnbauer, A. Kretschmer, C.M. Koller, T. Wojcik, V. Paneta, M. Hans, J.M. Schneider, P. Polcik, and P.H. Mayrhofer, Mechanical Properties and Thermal Stability of Reactively Sputtered Multi-principal-Metal Hf-Ta-Ti-V-Zr Nitrides, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2020, 389, p 125674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.12567410.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.125674 ↗
34. Q. Yang, L. Zhao, and P. Patnaik, Solid particle erosion resistant hard coatings for gas turbine engine applications. Progress in Aircraft Icing and Aircraft Erosion Research, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2017, p. 83–134
35. C. Feng, X. Huang, and Q. Yang, Mechanical Properties, Sliding Wear and Solid Particle Erosion Behaviours of Plasma Enhances Magnetron Sputtering CrSiCN Coating Systems, Wear, 2014, 324–325, p 27–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2014.11.00810.1016/j.wear.2014.11.008 ↗
36. G. Azar, C. Yelkarasi, and M. Urgen, The Role of Droplets on the Cavitation Erosion Damage of TiN Coatings, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2017, 322, p 211–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.05.05010.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.05.050 ↗
37. M. Tkadletz, C. Mitterer, B. Sartory, I. Letofsky-Papst, C. Czettl, and C. Michotte, The Effect of Droplets in Arc Evaporated TiAlTaN Hard Coatings on the Wear Behaviour, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2014, 257, p 95–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.01.01010.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.01.010 ↗
38. C.H. Lai, K.H. Cheng, S.J. Lin, and J.W. Yeh, Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Multi-element (AlCrTaTiZr)N Coatings, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2008, 202, p 3732–3738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.01.01410.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.01.014 ↗
39. K.H. Cheng, C.H. Lai, S.J. Lin, and J.W. Yeh, Structural and Mechanical Properties of Multi-element (AlCrMoTaTiZr)Nx Coatings by Reactive Magnetron Sputtering, Thin Solid Films, 2011, 519, p 3185–3190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2010.11.03410.1016/j.tsf.2010.11.034 ↗
40. S.K. Bachani, C.J. Wang, B.S. Lou, L.C. Chang, and J.W. Lee, Fabrication of TiZrNbTaFeN High-Entropy Alloys Coatings by HiPIMS: Effect of Nitrogen Flow Rate on the Microstructural Development, Mechanical and Tribological Performance, Electrical Properties and Corrosion Characteristics, J. Alloys Compd., 2021, 873, p 159605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.15960510.1016/j.jallcom.2021.159605 ↗
41. A.D. Pogrebnjak, V.M. Beresnev, K.V. Smyrnova, Y.O. Kravchenko, P.V. Zukowski, and G.G. Bondarenko, The Influence of Nitrogen Pressure on the Fabrication of the Two-Phase Superhard Nanocomposite (TiZrNbAlYCr)N Coatings, Mater. Lett., 2018, 211, p 316–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2017.09.12110.1016/j.matlet.2017.09.121 ↗
42. A.D. Pogrebnjak, I.V. Yakushchenko, O.V. Bondar, V.M. Beresnev, K. Oyoshi, O.M. Ivasishin, H. Amekura, Y. Takeda, M. Opielak, and C. Kozak, Irradiation Resistance, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured (TiZrHfVNbTa)N Coatings, J. Alloys Compd., 2016, 679, p 155–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.04.06410.1016/j.jallcom.2016.04.064 ↗
43. C. Wustefeld, D. Rafaja, V. Klemm, C. Michotte, and M. Kathrein, Effect of the Aluminium Content and the Bias Voltage on the Microstructure Formation in Ti1−xAlxN Protective Coatings Grown by Cathodic Arc Evaporation, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2010, 205, p 1345–1349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.07.05710.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.07.057 ↗
44. A.E. Reiter, V.H. Derflinger, B. Hanselmann, T. Bachmann, and B. Sartory, Investigation of the Properties of Al1−xCrxN Coatings Prepared by Cathodic Arc Evaporation, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2005, 200, p 2114–2122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2005.01.04310.1016/j.surfcoat.2005.01.043 ↗
45. R. Boxman and S. Goldsmith, Macroparticle Contamination in Cathodic Arc Coatings: Generation, Surf. Coat. Technol., 1992, 52, p 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/0257-8972(92)90369-L10.1016/0257-8972(92)90369-L ↗
46. M.H. Tsai and J.W. Yeh, High-Entropy Alloys: A Critical Review, Mater. Res. Lett., 2014, 2, p 107–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/21663831.2014.91269010.1080/21663831.2014.912690 ↗
47. M.H. Tsai, Physical Properties of High Entropy Alloys, Entropy, 2013 https://doi.org/10.3390/e1512533810.3390/e15125338 ↗
48. S. Chen, W. Yan, Y. Zhao, Q. Li, L. Chen, X. Ouyang, Q. Hua, X. Wu, Y. Zhang, B. Liao, and X. Ouyang, Strong Amorphization of AlCrNiTiV High-Entropy Alloy Films Deposited by Cofilter Cathode Vacuum Arc Deposition, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2022, 592, p 153318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2022.15331810.1016/j.apsusc.2022.153318 ↗