In Vitro Corrosion Behavior of Selective Laser Melted Ti-35Nb-7Zr-5Ta
Source abstract
Abstract
Ti-35Nb-7Zr-5Ta (TNZT) alloy has been fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) at different build orientations with respect to the base plate and the resulting disparities in the grain shape, size, preferred orientations and lattice strains have been determined. Potentiodynamic polarization tests performed under in vitro conditions indicated that the specimens built at 45° orientation showed the highest polarization resistance (24.5 kΩ cm2) and lowest rate of corrosion (0.23 μA cm−2) compared to the specimens built at other orientations. The corrosion behaviors of the SLM specimens have been correlated with their microstructural features and further compared with that of its spark plasma sintered (SPS) counterpart and commercial alloys such as Ti6Al4V and Ti6Al7Nb. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiostatic measurements have revealed that the passive film forming on the TNZT sample at 45° orientation is highly stable and more protective than that of the other samples. Auger electron spectroscopy has confirmed that both Ti and Nb participate actively in the passive film formation on the SLM TNZT alloy.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes · Titanium Alloys Microstructure and Properties · Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (70)
Show source-provided references
1. M. Geetha, A.K. Singh, R. Asokamani and A.K. Gogia, Ti Based Biomaterials, The Ultimate Choice For Orthopaedic Implants - A Review, Prog. Mater. Sci., 2009, 54(3), p 397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2008.06.00410.1016/j.pmatsci.2008.06.004 ↗
2. S. Nag, R. Banerjee and H.L. Fraser, Microstructural Evolution and Strengthening Mechanisms in Ti-Nb-Zr-Ta, Ti-Mo-Zr-Fe and Ti-15Mo Biocompatible Alloys, Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 2005, 25(3), p 357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2004.12.01310.1016/j.msec.2004.12.013 ↗
3. M.T. Mohammed, Z.A. Khan and A.N. Siddiquee, Beta Titanium Alloys: The Lowest Elastic Modulus for Biomedical Applications: A Review, Int. J. Chem. Mol. Nucl. Mater. Metall. Eng, 2014, 8(8), p 726. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.109448110.5281/zenodo.1094481 ↗
4. D.F. Williams, On the Mechanisms of Biocompatibility, Biomaterials, 2008, 29(20), p 2941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.04.02310.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.04.023 ↗
5. N. Adya, M. Alam, T. Ravindranath, A. Mubeen and B. Saluja, Corrosion in Titanium Dental Implants: Literature Review, J Indian Prosthodont Soc, 2005, 5(3), p 126. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-4052.1710410.4103/0972-4052.17104 ↗
6. M. J. Donachie, Titanium: a technical guide, ASM international, 2000.10.31399/asm.tb.ttg2.9781627082693 ↗
7. T. Hanawa, K. Asami and K. Asaoka, Repassivation of Titanium and Surface Oxide Film Regenerated in Simulated Bioliquid, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Offic. J. Soc. Biomater. Jpn. Soc. Biomater. Aust. Soc. Biomater., 1998, 40(4), p 530.10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(19980615)40:4<530::AID-JBM3>3.0.CO;2-G ↗
8. A.A. Ghoneim, A.S. Mogoda, Kh.A. Awad and F.E. Heakal, Electrochemical Studies of Titanium and its Ti-6Al-4V Alloy in Phosphoric Acid Solutions, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci, 2012, 7, p 6539.10.1016/S1452-3981(23)19501-0 ↗
9. Z. Jiang, X. Dai and H. Middleton, Investigation on Passivity of Titanium Under Steady-State Conditions in Acidic Solutions, Mater. Chem. Phys., 2011, 126(3), p 859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2010.12.02810.1016/j.matchemphys.2010.12.028 ↗
10. B. Roh, D. D. Macdonald, Evidence for the Involvement of Oxygen Vacancies in the Oxygen Electrode Reaction on Passive Titanium, in Electrocatalysis: Proceedings of the International Symposium 2005, The Electrochemical Society (2006) 254.10.1149/MA2005-01/42/1612 ↗
11. G. Rondelli and B. Vicentini, Evaluation by Electrochemical Tests of the Passive Film Stability of Equiatomic Ni-Ti Alloy Also in Presence of Stress-Induced Martensite, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Offic. J. Soc. Biomater. Jpn. Soc. Biomater. Aust. Soc. Biomater., 2000, 51(1), p 47.10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(200007)51:1<47::AID-JBM7>3.0.CO;2-P ↗
12. L. Thijs, K. Kempen, J.-P. Kruth and J.V. Humbeeck, Fine-Structured Aluminium Products with Controllable Texture by Selective Laser Melting of Pre-Alloyed AlSi10Mg Powder, Acta Mater., 2013, 61(5), p 1809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2012.11.05210.1016/j.actamat.2012.11.052 ↗
13. P. Wang, X.P. Tan, M.L.S. Nai, S.B. Tor and J. Wei, Spatial and geometrical-Based Characterization of Microstructure and Microhardness for an Electron Beam Melted Ti-6Al-4V Component, Mater. Des., 2016, 95, p 287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.01.09310.1016/j.matdes.2016.01.093 ↗
14. N. Hrabe and T. Quinn, Effects of Processing on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Titanium Alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) Fabricated Using Electron Beam Melting (EBM), Part 1: Distance from Build Plate and Part Size, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2013, 573, p 264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2013.02.06410.1016/j.msea.2013.02.064 ↗
15. X.P. Tan, Y. Kok, Y.J. Tan, G. Vastola, Q.X. Pei, G. Zhang, Y.-W. Zhang, S.B. Tor, K.F. Leong and C.K. Chua, An Experimental and Simulation Study on Build Thickness Depen- Dent Microstructure for Electron Beam Melted Ti-6Al-4V, J. Alloys Compd., 2015, 646, p 303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.05.17810.1016/j.jallcom.2015.05.178 ↗
16. G. Kasperovich and J. Hausmann, Improvement of Fatigue Resistance and Ductility of TiAl6V4 Processed by Selective Laser Melting, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2015, 220, p 202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2015.01.02510.1016/j.jmatprotec.2015.01.025 ↗
17. J.J. Lewandowski and M. Seifi, Metal Additive Manufacturing: A Review of Mechanical Properties, Annu. Rev. Mater. Res., 2016, 46(1), p 151–186. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-070115-03202410.1146/annurev-matsci-070115-032024 ↗
18. M.-W. Wu, P.-H. Lai and J.-K. Chen, Anisotropy in the Impact Toughness Of Selective Laser Melted Ti–6Al–4V Alloy, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2016, 650, p 295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.10.04510.1016/j.msea.2015.10.045 ↗
19. B.E. Carroll, T.A. Palmer and A.M. Beese, An Isotropic Tensile Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V Components Fabricated with Directed Energy Deposition Additive Manufacturing, Acta Mater., 2015, 87, p 309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2014.12.05410.1016/j.actamat.2014.12.054 ↗
20. S.L. Lu, H.P. Tang, Y.P. Ning, N. Liu, D.H. StJohn and M. Qian, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Long Ti-6Al-4V Rods Additively Manufactured by Selective Electron Beam Melting Out of a Deep Powder Bed and the Effect of Subsequent Hot Isostatic Pressing, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2015, 9, p 3824. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-015-2976-310.1007/s11661-015-2976-3 ↗
21. H. Galarraga, D.A. Lados, R.R. Dehoff, M.M. Kirka and P. Nandwana, Effects of the Micro- Structure and Porosity on Properties of Ti-6Al-4V ELI Alloy Fabricated by Electron Beam Melting (EBM), Addit. Manuf., 2016, 10, p 47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2016.02.00310.1016/j.addma.2016.02.003 ↗
22. Y.Y. Sun, S. Gulizia, D. Fraser, C.H. Oh, S.L. Lu and M. Qian, Layer Additive Production or Manufacturing of Thick Sections of Ti-6Al-4V by Selective Electron Beam Melting (SEBM), JOM, 2017, 69(10), p 1836. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-017-2462-z10.1007/s11837-017-2462-z ↗
23. S. Palanivel, A.K. Dutt, E.J. Faierson and R.S. Mishra, Spatially Dependent Properties in a Laser Additive Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V Component, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2016, 654, p 39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.12.02110.1016/j.msea.2015.12.021 ↗
24. J. Yang, H. Yu, Z. Wang and X. Zeng, Effect of Crystallographic Orientation on Mechanical Anisotropy of Selective Laser Melted Ti-6Al-4V Alloy, Mater. Charact., 2017, 127, p 137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2017.01.01410.1016/j.matchar.2017.01.014 ↗
25. L. Zhou, T. Yuan, R. Li, J. Tang, M. Wang and F. Mei, Anisotropic Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Ti-13Nb-13Zr Alloy Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting, J. Alloys Compd., 2018, 762, p 289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.05.17910.1016/j.jallcom.2018.05.179 ↗
26. R. Ummethala, P.S. Karamched, S. Rathinavelu, N. Singh, A. Aggarwal, K. Sun, E. Ivanov, L. Kollo, I. Okulov, J. Eckert and K.G. Prashanth, Selective Laser Melting of High-Strength, Low-Modulus Ti-35Nb-7Zr-5Ta Alloy, Materialia, 2020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2020.10094110.1016/j.mtla.2020.100941 ↗
27. N. Dai, L.C. Zhang, J. Zhang, X. Zhang, Q. Ni, Y. Chen, M. Wu and C. Yang, Distinction in Corrosion Resistance of Selective Laser Melted Ti-6Al-4V Alloy on Different Planes, Corros. Sci., 2016, 111, p 703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2016.06.00910.1016/j.corsci.2016.06.009 ↗
28. N. Dai, J. Zhang, Y. Chen and L.C. Zhang, Heat Treatment Degrading the Corrosion Resistance of Selective Laser Melted Ti-6Al-4V Alloy, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2017, 164(7), p C428. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1481707jes10.1149/2.1481707jes ↗
29. L.Y. Chen, J.C. Huang, C.H. Lin, C.T. Pan, S.Y. Chen, T.L. Yang, D.Y. Lin, H.K. Lin and J.S.C. Jang, An Isotropic Response of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Fabricated by 3D Printing Selective Laser Melting, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2017, 682, p 389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.11.06110.1016/j.msea.2016.11.061 ↗
30. X. Gong, Y. Cui, D. Wei, B. Liu, R. Liu, Y. Nie and Y. Li, Building Direction Dependence of Corrosion Resistance Property of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Fabricated by Electron Beam Melting, Corros. Sci., 2017, 127, p 101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2017.08.00810.1016/j.corsci.2017.08.008 ↗
31. J. J. de Damborenea, M. A. Arenas, M. A. Larosa, A. L. Jardini, C. A.de Carvalho Zavaglia, A. Conde, Corrosion of Ti6Al4V Pins Produced by Direct Metal Laser Sintering, Appl. Surf. Sci. 393 (2017) 340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.10.03110.1016/j.apsusc.2016.10.031 ↗
32. Y. Xu, Y. Lu, K.L. Sundberg, J. Liang and R.D. Sisson, Effect of Annealing Treatments on the Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behavior of Direct Metal Laser Sintered Ti-6Al-4V, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2017, 26, p 2572. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-017-2710-y10.1007/s11665-017-2710-y ↗
33. M. Buciumeanu, A. Bagheri, N. Shamsaei, S.M. Thompson, F.S. Silva and B. Henriques, Tribocorrosion Behavior of Additive Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V Biomedical Alloy, Tribol. Int., 2018, 119, p 381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2017.11.03210.1016/j.triboint.2017.11.032 ↗
34. Y. Bai, X. Gai, S. Li, L.C. Zhang, Y. Liu, Y. Hao, X. Zhang, R. Yang and Y. Gao, Improved Corrosion Behaviour of Electron Beam Melted Ti-6Al–4V Alloy in Phosphate Buffered Saline, Corros. Sci., 2017, 123, p 289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2017.05.00310.1016/j.corsci.2017.05.003 ↗
35. D. Devika, S.S. Dass and S. KumarChaudhary, Characterization and Corrosion Behaviour Study on Biocompatible Ti-6Al-4V Component Fabricated by Electron Beam Melting, J. Biomimetics Biomater. Biomed. Eng., 2015, 22, p 63. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/JBBBE.22.6310.4028/www.scientific.net/JBBBE.22.63 ↗
36. B. Zhao, H. Wang, N. Qiao, C. Wang and M. Hu, Corrosion Resistance Characteristics of a Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Scaffold that is Fabricated by Electron Beam Melting and Selective Laser Melting for Implantation in vivo, Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 2017, 70, p 832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.07.04510.1016/j.msec.2016.07.045 ↗
37. L. Liu, M. He, X. Xu, C. Zhao, Y. Gan, J. Lin, J. Luo and J. Lin, Preliminary Study on the Corrosion Resistance, Antibacterial Activity and Cytotoxicity Of Selective-Laser-Melted Ti6Al4V-xCu Alloys, Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 2017, 72, p 631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.11.12610.1016/j.msec.2016.11.126 ↗
38. R.M. Mahamood and E.T. Akinlabi, Effect of the Scanning Speed of Treatment on the Microstructure, Microhardness, Wear, and Corrosion Behavior of Laser Metal-Deposited Ti-6Al-4V/TiC Composite, Mater. Sci., 2017, 53, p 76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11003-017-0046-210.1007/s11003-017-0046-2 ↗
39. F. Xie, X. He, Y. Lv, M. Wu, X. He and X. Qu, Selective Laser Sintered Porous Ti- (4–10)Mo Alloys for Biomedical Applications: Structural Characteristics, Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behaviour, Corros. Sci., 2015, 95, p 117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2015.03.00510.1016/j.corsci.2015.03.005 ↗
40. Y. Chen, J. Zhang, N. Dai, P. Qin, H. Attar and L.C. Zhang, Corrosion Behaviour of Selective Laser Melted Ti-TiB biocomposite in Simulated Body Fluid, Electrochim. Acta, 2017, 232, p 89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.02.11210.1016/j.electacta.2017.02.112 ↗
41. F. Xie, X. He, S. Cao, M. Mei and X. Qu, Influence Of Pore Characteristics On Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance of Selective Laser Sintered Porous Ti-Mo Alloys for Biomedical Applications, Electrochim. Acta, 2013, 105, p 121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.04.10510.1016/j.electacta.2013.04.105 ↗
42. L.C. Zhang, Y. Liu, S. Li and Y. Hao, Additive Manufacturing of Titanium Alloys by Electron Beam Melting: A Review, Adv. Eng. Mater., 2018, 20(5), p 1700842. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.20170084210.1002/adem.201700842 ↗
43. L.C. Zhang and H. Attar, Selective Laser Melting of Titanium Alloys and Titanium Matrix Composites for Biomedical Applications: A Review, Adv. Eng. Mater., 2016, 18(4), p 463. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.20150041910.1002/adem.201500419 ↗
44. L. Zhou, T. Yuan, J. Tang, J. He and R. Li, Mechanical and Corrosion Behavior of Titanium Alloys Additively Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting–A Comparison Between Nearly β Titanium, α Titanium and α+ β Titanium, Opt. Laser Technol., 2019, 119, p 105625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2019.10562510.1016/j.optlastec.2019.105625 ↗
45. J.D.C. Tardelli, C. Bolfarini and A.C.D. Reis, Comparative Analysis of Corrosion Resistance Between Beta Titanium and Ti-6Al-4V Alloys: A Systematic Review, J Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 2020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.12661810.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126618 ↗
46. P. Afzali, R. Ghomashchi and R.H. Oskouei, On the Corrosion Behaviour of Low Modulus Titanium Alloys for Medical Implant Applications: A Review, Metals, 2019, 9(8), p 878. https://doi.org/10.3390/met908087810.3390/met9080878 ↗
47. O.N. Senkov, B.C. Chakoumakos, J.J. Jonas and F.H. Froes, Effect of Temperature and Hydrogen Concentration on the Lattice Parameter of Beta Titanium, Mater. Res. Bull., 2001, 36(7–8), p 1431. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-5408(01)00604-310.1016/S0025-5408(01)00604-3 ↗
48. Z.W. Lu, D. Singh and H. Krakauer, Equilibrium Properties of hcp Titanium and Zirconium, Phys. Rev. B, 1987, 36(14), p 7335. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.36.733510.1103/PhysRevB.36.7335 ↗
49. A.K. Zak, W.H.A. Majid, M.E. Abrishami and R. Yousefi, X-ray Analysis of ZnO Nanoparticles by William-Hall and Size-Strain Plot Methods, Solid State Sci., 2011, 13, p 251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2010.11.02410.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2010.11.024 ↗
50. F. Liu, X. Lin, G. Yang, M. Song, J. Chen and W. Huang, Microstructure and Residual Stress of Laser Rapid Formed Inconel 718 Nickel-Base Superalloy, Opt. Laser Technol., 2011, 43(1), p 208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2010.06.01510.1016/j.optlastec.2010.06.015 ↗
51. N. Singh, P. Hameed, R. Ummethala, G. Manivasagam, K.G. Prashanth and J. Eckert, Selective Laser Manufacturing of Ti-Based Alloys and Composites: Impact of Process Parameters, Application Trends, and Future Prospects, Materials Today Advances, 2020, 8, p 100097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtadv.2020.10009710.1016/j.mtadv.2020.100097 ↗
52. J.A.R. Marquez, C.M.B. Rodríguez, C.M. Herrera, E.R. Rosas, O.Z. Angel and O.T. Pozos, Effect of Surface Morphology of ZnO Electrodeposited On Photocatalytic Oxidation of Methylene Blue Dye Part I: Analytical Study, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci, 2011, 6(9), p 4059.10.1016/S1452-3981(23)18310-6 ↗
53. S. Samuel, S. Nag, S. Nasrazadani, V. Ukirde, M. El. Bouanani, A. Mohandas, K. Nguyen and R. Banerjee, Corrosion Resistance and in vitro Response of Laser-Deposited Ti-Nb-Zr-Ta Alloys for Orthopedic Implant Applications, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 2010, 94(4), p 1251. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.3278210.1002/jbm.a.32782 ↗
54. Y.N. Petrov, G.I. Prokopenko, B.N. Mordyuk, M.A. Vasylyev, S.M. Voloshko, V.S. Skorodzievski and V.S. Filatova, Influence of Microstructural Modifications Induced by Ultrasonic Impact Treatment on Hardening and Corrosion Behavior of Wrought Co-Cr-Mo Biomedical Alloy, Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 2016, 58, p 1024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2015.09.00410.1016/j.msec.2015.09.004 ↗
55. P. Kar, K. Wang and H. Liang, Force-Dominated Non-Equilibrium Oxidation Kinetics of Tantalum, Electrochim. Acta, 2008, 53(16), p 5084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2008.02.03410.1016/j.electacta.2008.02.034 ↗
56. R. Ummethala, F. Despang, M. Gelinsky and B. Basu, In vitro Corrosion and Mineralization of Novel Ti-Si-C Alloy, Electrochim. Acta, 2011, 56(11), p 3809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2011.02.04510.1016/j.electacta.2011.02.045 ↗
57. M. Ask, J. Lausmaa and B. Kasemo, Preparation and Surface Spectroscopic Characterization of Oxide Films on Ti6Al4V, Appl. Surf. Sci., 1989, 35(3), p 283. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-4332(89)90013-510.1016/0169-4332(89)90013-5 ↗
58. P. Ducheyne, Oral Implantology, Symp. III Dental Implant Research of The American Academy of Implant Dentistry, Boston, April 1987.
59. E. Kobayashi, T.J. Wang, H. Doi, T. Yoneyama and H. Hamanaka, Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance of Ti-6Al-7Nb Alloy Dental Castings, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 1998, 9(10), p 567. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:100890940894810.1023/a:1008909408948 ↗
60. S.Y. Yu and J.R. Scully, Corrosion and Passivity of Ti-13% Nb-13% Zr in Comparison to Other Biomedical Implant Alloys, Corrosion, 1997, 53(12), p 965. https://doi.org/10.5006/1.329028110.5006/1.3290281 ↗
61. M. Metikos-Huković, A. Kwokal and J. Piljac, The Influence of Niobium and Vanadium on Passivity of Titanium-Based Implants in Physiological Solution, Biomaterials, 2003, 24(21), p 3765. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00252-710.1016/S0142-9612(03)00252-7 ↗
62. F.E.T. Heakal, O.S. Shehata and N.S. Tantawy, Integrity of Metallic Medical Implants in Physiological Solutions, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci, 2014, 9(4), p 1986–2004.10.1016/S1452-3981(23)07905-1 ↗
63. F. Mansfeld, V. Wang and H. Shih, Development of “stainless aluminum,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 1991, 138(12), p L74. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.208551310.1149/1.2085513 ↗
64. G.J. Brug, A.L.G. van den Eeden, M. Sluyters-Rehbach and J.H. Sluyters, The Analysis of Electrode Impedances Complicated by the Presence of a Constant Phase Element, J. Electroanal. Chem. Interf. Electrochem., 1984, 176(1–2), p 275. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(84)80324-110.1016/S0022-0728(84)80324-1 ↗
65. Y. Takabatake, K. Fushimi, T. Nakanishi and Y. Hasegawa, Grain-Dependent Passivation of Iron in Sulfuric Acid Solution, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2014, 161(14), p C594. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0901414jes10.1149/2.0901414jes ↗
66. N.K. Sarkar and E.H. Greener, An Application of Potentiostatic Current-Time Transients to Study the Corrosion of Dental Amalgams, J. Oral Rehabil., 1977, 4(1), p 55. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.1977.tb00966.x10.1111/j.1365-2842.1977.tb00966.x ↗
67. K.J. Vetter and F. Gorn, Kinetics of Layer Formation and Corrosion Processes of Passive Iron in Acid Solutions, Electrochim. Acta, 1973, 18(4), p 321. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(73)80036-210.1016/0013-4686(73)80036-2 ↗
68. G.T. Burstein and A.J. Davenport, The Current-Time Relationship During Anodic Oxide Film Growth Under High Electric Field, J. Electrochem. Soc., 1989, 136(4), p 936. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.209689010.1149/1.2096890 ↗
69. J.C. Wang, Y.J. Liu, P. Qin, S.X. Liang, T.B. Sercombe and L.C. Zhang, Selective Laser Melting of Ti-35Nb Composite From Elemental Powder Mixture: Microstructure, Mechanical Behavior and Corrosion Behavior, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2019, 760, p 214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.06.00110.1016/j.msea.2019.06.001 ↗
70. G. V. S. N. Rao, M. Hanumantha Rao, B. V. Appa Rao, P. K. Sagar, Electrochemical Characterization of Biomedical Titanium Alloy Ti-35Nb-7Zr-5Ta, Int. J. Adv. Res. Technol. 3(1) (2012) 217.