Multipass Scratch Behavior of Borided and Nitrided H13 Steel
Source abstract
Abstract
AISI H13 steel was subjected to boriding and nitriding; its performance was evaluated by the progressive load scratch test, and then by the multipass scratch test (MPST), to evaluate the accumulated damage. Boriding and nitriding were carried out at a temperature of 800 and 580 °C, respectively, both treatments for 1 and 5 h of exposure time. In scratch test, a load range of 3-90 N was used for borides; a higher range (3-180 N) was chosen for nitrides. Critical loads (Lc) were estimated based on optical microscope observations of the scratch tracks. Failure mechanisms and residual depths were examined by scanning electronic microscope and optical profilometry. Finally, using fractions of Lc, MPST was applied on uncoated and coated samples, for 25, 50, 75 and 100 unidirectional scratch cycles. The coefficient of friction (COF) evolution was recorded and analyzed. A decrease in COF was observed as cycles go through; it was initially higher in uncoated sample; moreover, it was observed that normal load was determinant in its behavior, regardless of the treatment time. Nitrided samples exhibited less catastrophic failures over borided ones, also showed a better volume loss/load ratio performance, from 6 to 8 times better compared to borided samples.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Metal and Thin Film Mechanics · Diamond and Carbon-based Materials Research · Ion-surface interactions and analysis
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (54)
Show source-provided references
1. J.R. Davis, in ASM Specialty Handbook Heat-Resistant Material, ed. by J.R. Davis (Materials Park, ASM International, OH, 1997)
2. J.R. Davis, in Surface Hardening of Steels: Understanding the Basics, ed. by J.R. Davis (Materials Park, ASM International, OH, 2002)
3. S.S. Akhtar, A.F.M. Arif, B.S. Yilbas, and A.K. Sheikh, Influence of Surface Preparation on the Kinetics of Controlled Gas-Nitrided AISI, H13 Steels Used in Extrusion Dies, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2010, 19(3), p 347–355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-009-9496-510.1007/s11665-009-9496-5 ↗
4. D. Pye, in Practical Nitriding and Ferritic Nitrocarburizing, ed. by D. Pye (Materials Park, ASM International, OH, 2003)10.31399/asm.tb.pnfn.9781627083508 ↗
5. R. Huang, J. Wang, S. Zhong, M. Li, J. Xiong, and H. Fan, Surface Modification of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel by Low Temperature Salt Bath Nitrocarburizing at 430 °C, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2013, 271, p 93–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.01.11110.1016/j.apsusc.2013.01.111 ↗
6. I.E. Campos-Silva and G.A. Rodríguez-Castro, Boriding to improve the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of steels, in Thermochemical Surface Engineering of Steels, ed. by E. Somers, M. Mittemeijer (Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, 2014) pp 651–70210.1533/9780857096524.5.651 ↗
7. I. Campos-Silva, M. Flores-Jiménez, G. Rodríguez-Castro, E. Hernández-Sánchez, J. Martínez-Trinidad, and R. Tadeo-Rosas, Improved Fracture Toughness of Boride Coating Developed with a Diffusion Annealing Process, Surf. Coatings Technol., 2013, 237, p 429–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2013.05.05010.1016/j.surfcoat.2013.05.050 ↗
8. S.D. Jacobsen, R. Hinrichs, C. Aguzzoli, C.A. Figueroa, I.J.R. Baumvol, and M.A.Z. Vasconcellos, Influence of Current Density on Phase Formation and Tribological Behavior of Plasma Nitrided AISI, H13 Steel, Surf. Coatings Technol., 2016, 286, p 129–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2015.12.02510.1016/j.surfcoat.2015.12.025 ↗
9. J. Solis Romero, A. Medina Flores, O. Roblero Aguilar, and J. Oseguera-Peña, Tribological Evaluation of Plasma Nitride H13 Steel, Superf. y Vacio, 2013, 26(4), p 131–138
10. M.V. Leite, C.A. Figueroa, S.C. Gallo, A.C. Rovani, R.L.O. Basso, P.R. Mei, I.J.R. Baumvol, and A. Sinatora, Wear Mechanisms and Microstructure of Pulsed Plasma Nitrided AISI, H13 Tool Steel, Wear, 2010, 269(5–6), p 466–472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2010.04.03710.1016/j.wear.2010.04.037 ↗
11. K. Das, A. Joseph, M. Ghosh, and S. Mukherjee, Microstructure and Wear Behaviour of Pulsed Plasma Nitrided AISI, H13 Tool Steel, Can. Metall. Q., 2016, 55(4), p 402–408. https://doi.org/10.1080/00084433.2016.124194010.1080/00084433.2016.1241940 ↗
12. G. Castro, A. Fernández-Vicente, and J. Cid, Influence of the Nitriding Time in the Wear Behaviour of an AISI, H13 Steel during a Crankshaft Forging Process, Wear, 2007, 263(7–12), p 1375–1385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2007.02.00710.1016/j.wear.2007.02.007 ↗
13. K. Genel, Boriding Kinetics of H13 Steel, Vacuum, 2006, 80(5), p 451–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2005.07.01310.1016/j.vacuum.2005.07.013 ↗
14. I. Campos-Silva, M. Ortiz-Domínguez, N. López-Perrusquia, R. Escobar-Galindo, O.A. Gómez-Vargas, and E. Hernández-Sánchez, Determination of Boron Diffusion Coefficients in Borided Tool Steels, Defect Diffus. Forum, 2009, 283–286, p 681–686. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/DDF.283-286.68110.4028/www.scientific.net/DDF.283-286.681 ↗
15. M. Keddam, M. Ortiz-Domínguez, M. Elias-Espinosa, O. Damián-Mejía, A. Arenas-Flores, O.A. Gómez-Vargas, M. Abreu-Quijano, J.I. Aldana-González, and J. Zuno-Silva, Growth Kinetics of the Fe2B Coating on AISI, H13 Steel, Trans. Indian Inst. Met., 2015, 68(3), p 433–442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-014-0472-x10.1007/s12666-014-0472-x ↗
16. G.K. Kariofillis, G.E. Kiourtsidis, and D.N. Tsipas, Corrosion Behavior of Borided AISI, H13 Hot Work Steel, Surf. Coatings Technol., 2006, 201(1–2), p 19–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2005.10.02510.1016/j.surfcoat.2005.10.025 ↗
17. N. López-Perrusquia, I. Campos-Silva, J. Martínez-Trinidad, A. Avilés, E. Alvárez-Castañeda, and S. Juárez-Torres, Evaluation of Brittle Layers Obtained by Boriding on AISI, H13 Steels, Adv. Mater. Res., 2009, 65, p 47–52. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.65.4710.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.65.47 ↗
18. S. Taktak, Some Mechanical Properties of Borided AISI, H13 and 304 Steels, Mater. Des., 2007, 28(6), p 1836–1843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2006.04.01710.1016/j.matdes.2006.04.017 ↗
19. A.P. Krelling, J.C.G. Milan, and C.E. da Costa, Tribological Behaviour of Borided H13 Steel with Different Boriding Agents, Surf. Eng., 2015, 31(8), p 581–587. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743294414Y.000000042310.1179/1743294414Y.0000000423 ↗
20. E.E. Vera Cardenas, R. Lewis, A.I. Martinez Perez, J.L. Bernal Ponce, F.J. Perez Pinal, M.O. Dominguez, and E.D. Rivera Arreola, Characterization and Wear Performance of Boride Phases over Tool Steel Substrates, Adv. Mech. Eng., 2016, 8(2), p 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/168781401663025710.1177/1687814016630257 ↗
21. R. Kara, F. Çolak, and Y. Kayali, Investigation of Wear and Adhesion Behaviors of Borided Steels, Trans. Indian Inst. Met., 2016, 69(6), p 1169–1177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-015-0698-210.1007/s12666-015-0698-2 ↗
22. G.A. Rodríguez-Castro, R.C. Vega-Morón, A. Meneses-Amador, H.W. Jiménez-Díaz, J.A. Andraca-Adame, I.E. Campos-Silva, and M.E. Palomar-Pardavé, Multi-Pass Scratch Test Behavior of AISI, 316L Borided Steel, Surf. Coatings Technol., 2016, 307, p 491–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.09.01710.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.09.017 ↗
23. O. Allaoui, N. Bouaouadja, and G. Saindernan, Characterization of Boronized Layers on a XC38 Steel, Surf. Coatings Technol., 2006, 201(6), p 3475–3482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.07.23810.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.07.238 ↗
24. F. Yildiz and A. Alsaran, Multi-pass Scratch Test Behavior of Modified Layer Formed during Plasma Nitriding, Tribol. Int., 2010, 43(8), p 1472–1478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2010.02.00510.1016/j.triboint.2010.02.005 ↗
25. Y. Totik, E. Arslan, I. Efeoglu, and I. Kaymaz, Characterization of TIB2 Coating Adherence By A Multi-Pass Scratch Testing, Surf. Rev. Lett., 2009, 16(3), p 329–335. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218625X0901267610.1142/S0218625X09012676 ↗
26. I. Efeoglu and R. Arnell, Multi-Pass Sub-Critical Load Testing of Titanium Nitride Coatings, Thin Solid Films, 2000, 377–378, p 346–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6090(00)01309-210.1016/S0040-6090(00)01309-2 ↗
27. H. Ronkainen, A. Laukkanen, and K. Holmberg, Friction in a Coated Surface Deformed by a Sliding Sphere, Wear, 2007, 263(7–12), p 1315–1323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2007.01.10310.1016/j.wear.2007.01.103 ↗
28. I. Efeoglu, Co-Sputtered Mo:S:C:Ti: B Based Coating for Tribological Applications, Surf. Coatings Technol., 2005, 200(5–6), p 1724–1730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2005.08.04110.1016/j.surfcoat.2005.08.041 ↗
29. S. Savaş and Ş. Danişman, Multipass Sliding Wear Behavior of TiAlN Coatings Using a Spherical Indenter: effect of Coating Parameters and Duplex Treatment, Tribol. Trans., 2014, 57(2), p 242–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2013.86856410.1080/10402004.2013.868564 ↗
30. W.C. Oliver and G.M. Pharr, An Improved Technique for Determining Hardness and Elastic Modulus Using Load and Displacement Sensing Indentation Experiments, J. Mater. Res., 1992, 7(6), p 1564–1583. https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.1992.156410.1557/JMR.1992.1564 ↗
31. P.A.A. Steinmann, Y. Tardy, and H.E.E. Hintermann, Adhesion Testing by the Scratch Test Method: The Influence of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Parameters on the Critical Load, Thin Solid Films, 1987, 154(1–2), p 333–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(87)90377-410.1016/0040-6090(87)90377-4 ↗
32. Y. Xie and H. Hawthorne, On the Possibility of Evaluating the Resistance of Materials to Wear by Ploughing Using a Scratch Method, Wear, 2000, 240(1–2), p 65–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(00)00336-710.1016/S0043-1648(00)00336-7 ↗
33. Y. Gencer, Influence of Manganese on Pack Boriding Behaviour of Pure Iron, Surf. Eng., 2011, 27(8), p 634–638. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743294411Y.000000001010.1179/1743294411Y.0000000010 ↗
34. S.S. Akhtar, A.F.M. Arif, and B.S. Yilbas, Influence of Multiple Nitriding on the Case Hardening of H13 Tool Steel: Experimental and Numerical Investigation, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2012, 58(1–4), p 57–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-011-3387-210.1007/s00170-011-3387-2 ↗
35. J. Yoon, Y. Jee, and S.Y. Lee, Plasma Paste Boronizing Treatment of the Stainless Steel AISI, 304, Surf. Coatings Technol., 1999, 112(1–3), p 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(98)00743-910.1016/S0257-8972(98)00743-9 ↗
36. G. Palombarini, G. Sambogna, and M. Carbucicchio, Role of Oxvgen in Iron Boriding Using Boron Carbide, J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 1993, 12(10), p 741–742. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0062670510.1007/BF00626705 ↗
37. G. Bagliuk, Properties and Structure of Sintered Boron Containing Carbon Steels, in Sintering—Methods and Products, ed. by V. Shatokha (Rijeka, InTech, 2012), pp 249–26610.5772/34267 ↗
38. S.S. Akhtar, A.F.M. Arif, and B.S. Yilbas, Evaluation of Gas Nitriding Process with in-Process Variation of Nitriding Potential for AISI, H13 Tool Steel, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2010, 47(5–8), p 687–698. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-009-2215-410.1007/s00170-009-2215-4 ↗
39. I. Rosales, H. Martinez, and R. Guardian, Mechanical Performance of Thermally Post-Treated Ion-Nitrided Steels, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2016, 371, p 576–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.03.04810.1016/j.apsusc.2016.03.048 ↗
40. J.-D. Kamminga, R. Hoy, G.C.A.M. Janssen, E. Lugscheider, and M. Maes, First Results on Duplex Coatings without Intermediate Mechanical Treatment, Surf. Coatings Technol., 2003, 174–175, p 671–676. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(03)00578-410.1016/S0257-8972(03)00578-4 ↗
41. J.-D. Kamminga, P.F.A. Alkemade, and G.C.A.M. Janssen, Scratch Test Analysis of Coated and Uncoated Nitrided Steel, Surf. Coatings Technol., 2004, 177–178, p 284–28810.1016/j.surfcoat.2003.09.006 ↗
42. I. Campos-Silva, S. Bernabé-Molina, D. Bravo-Bárcenas, J. Martínez-Trinidad, G. Rodríguez-Castro, and A. Meneses-Amador, Improving the Adhesion Resistance of the Boride Coatings to AISI, 316L Steel Substrate by Diffusion Annealing, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2016, 25(9), p 3852–3862. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-016-2201-610.1007/s11665-016-2201-6 ↗
43. G.A. Rodríguez-Castro, L.F. Jiménez-Tinoco, J.V. Méndez-Méndez, I. Arzate-Vázquez, A. Meneses-Amador, H. Martínez-Gutiérrez, and I. Campos-Silva, Damage Mechanisms in AISI, 304 Borided Steel: scratch and Daimler-Benz Adhesion Tests, Mater. Res., 2015, 18(6), p 1346–1353. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-1439.02551510.1590/1516-1439.025515 ↗
44. S.J. Bull and E.G. Berasetegui, An Overview of the Potential of Quantitative Coating Adhesion Measurement by Scratch Testing, Tribol. Int., 2006, 39(2), p 99–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2005.04.01310.1016/j.triboint.2005.04.013 ↗
45. A. Meneses-Amador, L.F. Jiménez-Tinoco, C.D. Reséndiz-Calderon, A. Mouftiez, G.A. Rodríguez-Castro, and I. Campos-Silva, Numerical Evaluation of Scratch Tests on Boride Layers, Surf. Coatings Technol., 2015, 284, p 182–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2015.06.08810.1016/j.surfcoat.2015.06.088 ↗
46. K.L. Johnson, “Contact Mechanics”, Contact Mechanics (Cambridge), Cambridge University Press, 1985, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO978113917173110.1017/CBO9781139171731 ↗
47. Y. He, I. Apachitei, J. Zhou, T. Walstock, and J. Duszczyk, The Influence of the Depth of a Plasma Nitrided Layer in Tool-Steel Substrate on the Scratch-Resistant Properties of PACVD TiBN Coating, Surf. Coatings Technol., 2007, 201(16–17), p 7036–7042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.01.01810.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.01.018 ↗
48. F. Yıldız, A. Alsaran, A. Çelik, and İ. Efeoğlu, Multipass Scratch Test Behaviour of TiAlN Thin Film Deposited on 316L Stainless Steel and Ti6Al4 V Alloy with Dc Biased and Pulsed Magnetron Sputtering, Surf. Eng., 2010, 26(8), p 578–583. https://doi.org/10.1179/174329409x45117310.1179/174329409X451173 ↗
49. J. Stallard, S. Poulat, and D.G. Teer, The Study of the Adhesion of a TiN Coating on Steel and Titanium Alloy Substrates Using a Multi-Mode Scratch Tester, Tribol. Int., 2006, 39(2), p 159–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2005.04.01110.1016/j.triboint.2005.04.011 ↗
50. S. Kataria, N. Kumar, S. Dash, R. Ramaseshan, and A.K. Tyagi, Evolution of Deformation and Friction during Multimode Scratch Test on TiN Coated D9 Steel, Surf. Coatings Technol., 2010, 205(3), p 922–927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.08.06010.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.08.060 ↗
51. P.J. Blau, The Significance and Use of the Friction Coefficient, Tribol. Int., 2001, 34(9), p 585–591. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-679X(01)00050-010.1016/S0301-679X(01)00050-0 ↗
52. D. Muhammad Nuruzzaman and M. Asaduzzaman Chowdhury, Effect of Load and Sliding Velocity on Friction Coefficient of Aluminum Sliding Against Different Pin Materials, Am. J. Mater. Sci., 2012, 2(1), p 26–31. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.materials.20120201.0510.5923/j.materials.20120201.05 ↗
53. A. Alsaran, M. Karakan, and A. Çelik, The Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Ion-Nitrided AISI, 5140 Low-Alloy Steel, Mater. Charact., 2002, 48(4), p 323–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1044-5803(02)00275-910.1016/S1044-5803(02)00275-9 ↗
54. H. Pelletier, C. Gauthier, and R. Schirrer, Wear Simulation of Polymer Using Multiscratch Test Procedure, Tribol. Lett., 2010, 37(3), p 507–515. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-009-9546-z10.1007/s11249-009-9546-z ↗