Effect of Immersion Time and Cooling Mode on the Electrochemical Behavior of Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel in Sulfuric Acid Medium
Source abstract
Abstract
In this work, we investigated the influence of galvanizing immersion time and cooling modes environments on the electrochemical corrosion behavior of hot-dip galvanized steel, in 1 M sulfuric acid electrolyte at room temperature using potentiodynamic polarization technique. In addition, the evolution of thickness, structure and microstructure of zinc coatings for different immersion times and two cooling modes (air and water) is characterized, respectively, by using of Elcometer scan probe, x-ray diffraction and metallography analysis. The analysis of the behavior of steel and galvanized steel, vis-a-vis corrosion, by means of corrosion characteristic parameters as anodic (βa) and cathodic (βc) Tafel slopes, corrosion potential (Ecorr), corrosion current density (icorr), corrosion rate (CR) and polarization resistance (Rp), reveals that the galvanized steel has anticorrosion properties much better than that of steel. More the immersion time increases, more the zinc coatings thickness increases, and more these properties become better. The comparison between the two cooling modes shows that the coatings of zinc produced by hot-dip galvanization and air-cooled provides a much better protection to steel against corrosion than those cooled by quenching in water which exhibit a brittle corrosive behavior due to the presence of cracks.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Corrosion Behavior and Inhibition · Concrete Corrosion and Durability · Hydrogen embrittlement and corrosion behaviors in metals
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (80)
Show source-provided references
1. A.R. Despic, R.G. Raicheff, and J.O.M. Bockris, Mechanism of the Acceleration of the Electrodic Dissolution of Metals During Yielding Under Stress, J. Chem. Phys., 1968, 49, p 926–93810.1063/1.1670162 ↗
2. C.D. Beachem, New Model for Hydrogen-Assisted Cracking (Hydrogen “Embrittlement”), Metall. Trans., 1972, 2, p 441–45510.1007/BF02642048 ↗
3. R.A. Oriani and P.H. Josephic, Equilibrium Aspects of Hydrogen-Induced Cracking Of Steels, Acta Metall., 1974, 9, p 1065–107410.1016/0001-6160(74)90061-3 ↗
4. I.M. Robertson, T. Tabata, W. Wei, F. Heubaum, and H.K. Birnbaum, Hydrogen Embrittlement and Grain Boundary Fracture, Scr. Metall., 1984, 18, p 841–84610.1016/0036-9748(84)90407-1 ↗
5. T. Magnin, Advances in Corrosion-Deformation Interactions, Material Science Forum, Trans Tech Publications, 1996.10.4028/b-HTk8EU ↗
6. C. Lekbir, J. Creus, R. Sabot, and X. Feaugas, Influence of Plastic Strain on the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction on Nickel (100) Single Crystal Surfaces to Improve Hydrogen Embrittlement, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2013, 578, p 24–3410.1016/j.msea.2013.04.052 ↗
7. B.N. Popov, Corrosion Engineering Principles and Solved Problems, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2015, p 327–440
8. B. del Amo, L. Véleva, A.R. Di Sarli, and C.I. Elsner, Performance of Coated Steel Systems Exposed To Different Media: Part I. Painted Galvanized Steel, Prog. Org. Coat., 2004, 50, p 179–19210.1016/j.porgcoat.2004.02.003 ↗
9. H.B. Muralidhara and Y.A. Naik, Electrochemical Deposition of Nanocrystalline Zinc on Steel Substrate from Acid Zincate Bath, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2008, 14, p 3403–341210.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.12.012 ↗
10. A.H. Konsowa and A.H. El-Shazly, Rate of Zinc Consumption During Sacrificial Cathodic Protection of Pipelines Carrying Saline Water, Desalination, 2003, 1–3, p 223–22610.1016/S0011-9164(02)01139-6 ↗
11. G. Vourlias, N. Pistofidis, D. Chaliambalias, K. Chrissafis, E.L. Pavlidou, and G. Stergioudis, Resistance of Zinc Thermal Sprayed Coatings on Different Corrosive Environments, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 2007, 2, p 401–40910.1007/s10973-006-7798-5 ↗
12. J. Mackowiak and N.R. Short, Metallurgy of Galvanized Coatings, Int. Met. Rev, 1979, 1, p 1–19
13. A.R. Marder, The Metallurgy of Zinc-Coated Steel, Prog. Mater. Sci., 2000, 45, p 191–27110.1016/S0079-6425(98)00006-1 ↗
14. S.M.A. Shibli, B.N. Meena, and R. Remya, A Review on Recent Approaches in the Field of Hot Dip Zinc Galvanizing Process, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2015, 262, p 210–21510.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.12.054 ↗
15. P. Maass and P. Peissker, Handbook of Hot-Dip Galvanization, Wiley, New York, 2011, p 91–9410.1002/9783527636884 ↗
16. V. Kuklik and J. Kudlacek, Hot-Dip Galvanizing of Steel Structures, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2016, p 7–1610.1016/B978-0-08-100753-2.00002-1 ↗
17. F.C. Porter, Zinc Handbook: Properties, Processing, and Use In Design, Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, 1991, p 128–13310.1201/9781482276947 ↗
18. D. C. Cook, and R. G. Grant, in: Galvatech 95 Conf. Proc., Chicago, IL, EEUU, The Iron and Steel Society, Inc., USA, 1995, p 497–508.
19. J.D. Culcasi, P.R. Sere, C.I. Elsner, and A.R. Di Sarli, Control of the Growth of Zinc-Iron Phases in the Hot-Dip Galvanizing Process, Surf. Coat. Technol., 1999, 122, p 21–2310.1016/S0257-8972(99)00404-1 ↗
20. M.L. Giorgi, P. Durighello, R. Nicolle, and J.B. Guillot, Dissolution Kinetics of Iron in Liquid Zinc, J. Mater. Sci., 2004, 39, p 5803–580810.1023/B:JMSC.0000040092.27463.45 ↗
21. L. Chen, R. Fourmentin, and J.R.M.C. Dermid, Morphology and Kinetics of Interfacial Layer Formation During Continuous Hot-Dip Galvanizing and Galvannealing, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2008, 39A, p 2128–214210.1007/s11661-008-9552-z ↗
22. D.H. Rowland, Metallography of Hot-Dipped Galvanized Coatings, Trans. ASM., 1948, 40, p 983
23. C.E. Jordan, K.M. Goggins, A.O. Benscoter, and A.R. Marder, Metallographic Preparation Technique for Hot-Dip Galvanized and Galvannealed Coatings on Steel, Mater. Charact., 1993, 2, p 107–11410.1016/1044-5803(93)90051-V ↗
24. O. Kubaschewski, Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams, Springer, Berlin, 1982, p 172–175
25. J. Nakano, D.V. Malakhov, and G.R. Purdy, A Crystallographically Consistent Optimization of the Zn-Fe System, Calphad., 2005, 29, p 276–28810.1016/j.calphad.2005.08.005 ↗
26. G.F. Bastin, F.J.J.V. Loo, and G.D. Rieck, A New Compound in the Iron Zinc System, Z. Metallkde, 1977, 68, p 359–361
27. C.E. Jordan and A.R. Marder, Fe-Zn Phase Formation in Interstitial-Free Steels Hot-Dip Galvanized at 450 °C, Part I, 0.00 wt% Al-Zn baths, J. Mater. Sci., 1997, 32, p 5593–560210.1023/A:1018680625668 ↗
28. A.I. Vitkin, G.A. Kokorin, A.G. Grishko, and P.A. Tyukanov, Effect of Aluminum in Zinc Baths on the Formation of the Diffusion Coating in Hot-Dip Galvanizing of Steel, Met. Sci. Heat Treat., 1973, 4, p 332–33410.1007/BF00660334 ↗
29. N. Katiforis and G. Papadimitriou, Influence of Copper, Cadmium and Tin Additions in the Galvanizing Bath on the Structure, Thickness and Cracking Behaviour of the Galvanized Coatings, Surf. Coat. Technol., 1996, 78, p 185–19510.1016/0257-8972(94)02408-1 ↗
30. C.E. Jordan and A.R. Marder, Fe-Zn Phase Formation in Interstitial-Free Steels Hot-Dip Galvanized at 450°C, Part II, 0.20 wt % Al-Zn baths, J. Mater. Sci., 1997, 32, p 5603–561010.1023/A:1018632709739 ↗
31. J. Elvins, J.A. Spittle, and D.A. Worsley, Microstructural Changes in Zinc Aluminium Alloy Galvanising as a Function of Processing Parameters and Their Influence on Corrosion, Corros. Sci., 2005, 47, p 2740–275910.1016/j.corsci.2004.11.011 ↗
32. P. Bicao, W. Jianhua, S. Xuping, L. Zhi, and Y. Fucheng, Effects of Zinc Bath Temperature on the Coatings of Hot-Dip Galvanizing, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2008, 202, p 1785–178810.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.07.044 ↗
33. R. Mishra and M. Dutta, Effect of Steel Composition on Iron Dissolution in Molten Zinc and Development of Fe-Zn Phases on Steel Surface, ISIJ Int., 2007, 10, p 1504–150910.2355/isijinternational.47.1504 ↗
34. C.E. Jordan and A.R. Marder, Effect of Substrate Grain Size on Iron-Zinc Reaction Kinetics During Hot-Dip Galvanizing, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 1997, 28, p 2683–269410.1007/s11661-997-0025-6 ↗
35. G.M. Song, T. Vystavel, N. van der Pers, JThM De Hosson, and W.G. Sloof, Relation Between Microstructure and Adhesion of Hot Dip Galvanized Zinc Coatings on Dual Phase Steel, Acta Mater., 2012, 6–7, p 2973–298110.1016/j.actamat.2012.02.003 ↗
36. M. Wichern, B.C. De Cooman, and C.J. Van Tyne, Surface Roughness Changes on a Hot-Dipped Galvanized Sheet Steel During Deformation at Low Strain Levels, Acta Mater., 2004, 5, p 1211–122210.1016/j.actamat.2003.11.005 ↗
37. X. Liu, W.G. Yu, Q.F. Zhang, and S.M. Jiang, Influence of Surface Roughness of Galvanized Steel Sheet on Self-lubricated Coating, J. Iron. Steel Res. Int., 2014, 3, p 342–34710.1016/S1006-706X(14)60052-2 ↗
38. B. Eghbali, EBSD Study on the Formation of Fine Ferrite Grains in Plain Carbon Steel During Warm Deformation, Mater. Lett., 2007, 61, p 4006–401010.1016/j.matlet.2007.01.019 ↗
39. H. Asgari, M.R. Toroghinejad, and M.A. Golozar, Effect of Coating Thickness on Modifying the Texture and Corrosion Performance of Hot-Dip Galvanized Coatings, Curr. Appl. Phys., 2009, 9, p 59–6610.1016/j.cap.2007.10.090 ↗
40. J. Bennasr, A. Snoussi, C. Bradai, and F. Halouani, Effect of the Withdrawal Speed on the Thickness of the Zinc Layer in Hot Dip Pure Zinc Coatings, Mater. Lett., 2008, 62, p 2150–215210.1016/j.matlet.2007.11.036 ↗
41. K.A. Yasakau, I. Giner, C. Vree, O. Ozcan, R. Grothe, A. Oliveira, G. Grundmeier, M.G.S. Ferreira, and M.L. Zheludkevich, Influence of Stripping and Cooling Atmospheres on Surface Properties and Corrosion of Zinc Galvanizing Coatings, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2016, 389, p 144–15610.1016/j.apsusc.2016.07.093 ↗
42. J. Strutzenberger and J. Faderl, Solidification and Spangle Formation of Hot-Dip-Galvanized Zinc Coatings, Met. Mater. Trans., 1998, 29A, p 63110.1007/s11661-998-0144-8 ↗
43. S. Farahany, L.H. Tat, E. Hamzah, H.R. Bakhsheshi-Rad, and M.H. Cho, Microstructure Development, Phase Reaction Characteristics and Properties of Quaternary Zn-0.5Al-0.5 Mg-xBi Hot Dipped Coating Alloy Under Slow and Fast Cooling Rates, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2017, 315, p 112–12210.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.01.074 ↗
44. S. Ploypech, P. Jearanaisilawong, and Y. Boonyongmaneerat, Influence of Thickness of Intermetallic Layers on Fracture Resistance of Galvanized Coatings, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2013, 223, p 1–510.1016/j.surfcoat.2013.02.017 ↗
45. J. Duchoslav, M.A.R. Steinberger, T. Keppert, G. Luckeneder, K.H. Stellnberger, J. Hagler, C.K. Riener, G. Angeli, and D. Stifter, Nanoscopic View on the Initial Stages of Corrosion of Hot-Dip Galvanized Zn-Mg-Al Coatings, Corros. Sci., 2014, 83, p 327–33410.1016/j.corsci.2014.02.027 ↗
46. D.C. Cook, and R.G. Grant, Mossbauer Analysis of Fe-Zn Coatings. Progress Report No. ZM-403, Int., Lead and Zinc Research Organization (ILZRO), Research Triangle Park, NC, 1993.
47. U. Roy and C. Ghosh, Residual Stress Analysis in Galvannealed Coating, Ironmak Steelmak, 2016, 6, p 465–47210.1080/03019233.2016.1142055 ↗
48. G. Vourlias, N. Pistofidis, K. Chrissafis, and G. Stergioudis, Zinc Coatings for Oxidation Protection of Ferrous Substrates: Part I. Macroscopic Examination of the Coating Oxidation, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 2007, 3, p 769–77510.1007/s10973-006-8280-0 ↗
49. A.P. Yadav, H. Katayama, K. Noda, H. Masuda, A. Nishikata, and T. Tsuru, Effect of Fe-Zn Alloy Layer on the Corrosion Resistance of Galvanized Steel in Chloride Containing Environments, Corros. Sci., 2007, 49, p 3716–373110.1016/j.corsci.2007.03.039 ↗
50. J. Kondratiuk, P. Kuhn, E. Labrenz, and C. Bischoff, Zinc Coatings for Hot Sheet Metal Forming: Comparison of Phase Evolution and Microstructure During Heat Treatment, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2011, 205, p 4141–415310.1016/j.surfcoat.2011.03.002 ↗
51. R. Autengruber, G. Luckeneder, S. Kolnberger, J. Faderl, and A.W. Hassel, Surface and Coating Analysis of Press-Hardened Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel Sheet, Steel Res. Int., 2012, 11, p 1005–101110.1002/srin.201200068 ↗
52. R. Autengruber, G. Luckeneder, and A.W. Hassel, Corrosion of Press-Hardened Galvanized Steel, Corros. Sci., 2012, 63, p 12–1910.1016/j.corsci.2012.04.048 ↗
53. J.I. Langford and A.J.C. Wilson, Scherrer After Sixty Years: A Survey and Some New Results in the Determination of Crystallite Size, J. Appl. Crystallogr., 1978, 11, p 102–11310.1107/S0021889878012844 ↗
54. S. Kodama, K. Akita, H. Misawa, S. Tobe, Residual Stresses III: Science and Technology, H. Fujiwara et al., Ed., Elsevier applied science, London and New York, 1992, p 1421–1428
55. G. Reumont, J.B. Vogt, A. Iost, and J. Foct, The Effects of an Fe-Zn Intermetallic-Containing Coating on the Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of a Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2001, 139, p 265–27110.1016/S0257-8972(01)01017-9 ↗
56. S. Ploypech, Y. Boonyongmaneerat, and P. Jearanaisilawong, Crack Initiation and Propagation of Galvanized Coatings Hot-Dipped at 450 °C Under Bending Loads, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2012, 206, p 3758–376310.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.03.029 ↗
57. H. Sarma and K.C. Sarma, X-ray Peak Broadening Analysis of ZnO Nanoparticles Derived By Precipitation Method, IJSRP, 2014, 3, p 1–710.15373/22778179/MARCH2014/139 ↗
58. A.M. Abd El-Rahman, Synthesis and Annealing Effects on the Properties of Nanostructured Ti-Al-V-N Coatings Deposited by Plasma Enhanced Magnetron Sputtering, Mater. Chem. Phys., 2015, 149–150, p 179–18710.1016/j.matchemphys.2014.10.004 ↗
59. Y. Li, P. Kanouté, and M. François, Disturbance Induced by Surface Preparation on Instrumented Indentation Test, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2015, 642, p 381–39010.1016/j.msea.2015.06.099 ↗
60. P.R. Chidambaram, V. Rangarajan, and W.J. van Ooij, Characterization of High Temperature Hot Dip Galvanized Coatings, Surf. Coat. Technol., 1991, 46, p 245–25310.1016/0257-8972(91)90167-U ↗
61. Y. Adachi and M. Arai, Transformation of Fe-Al Phase to Fe-Zn Phase on Pure Iron During Galvanizing, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 1998, 1–2, p 305–31010.1016/S0921-5093(97)00840-X ↗
62. R. Ramanauskas, R. Juškėnas, A. Kaliničenko, and L.F. Garfias-Mesias, Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Electrodeposited Zinc Alloy Coatings, J. Solid State Electrochem., 2004, 8, p 416–42110.1007/s10008-003-0444-2 ↗
63. J.S. Robinson, D.A. Tanner, S.V. Petegem, and A. Evans, Influence of Quenching and Aging on Residual Stress in Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloy 7449, Mater. Sci. Technol, 2012, 4, p 420–43010.1179/1743284711Y.0000000063 ↗
64. A.N. Birgani, M. Niyaifar, and A. Hasanpour, Study of Cation Distribution of Spinel Zinc Nano-Ferrite by X-ray, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 2015, 374, p 179–18110.1016/j.jmmm.2014.07.066 ↗
65. A. Chattopadhyay, V.S. Sarma, B.S. Murty, A. Haldar, and D. Bhattacharjee, Studies on Hot-Rolled Galvanized Steel Sheets: Segregation of Alloying Elements at the Surface, Scripta Mater., 2008, 59, p 522–52510.1016/j.scriptamat.2008.04.040 ↗
66. F.M. Queiroz and I. Costa, Electrochemical, Chemical and Morphological Characterization of Galvannealed Steel Coating, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2007, 201, p 7024–4703510.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.01.005 ↗
67. R.B. Hoxeng, Electrochemical Behavior of Zinc and Steel in Aqueous Media, Part II, Corrosion, 1950, 6, p 330–338
68. X.G. Zhang, Corrosion and Electrochemistry of Zinc, Plenum Press, New York, 1996, p 183–21310.1007/978-1-4757-9877-7_7 ↗
69. E. Tzimas and G. Papadimitriou, Cracking Mechanisms in High Temperature Hot-Dip Galvanized Coatings, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2001, 145, p 176–18510.1016/S0257-8972(01)01323-8 ↗
70. I.A. Kartsonakis, S.G. Stanciu, A.A. Matei, R. Hristu, A. Karantonis, and C.A. Charitidis, A Comparative Study of Corrosion Inhibitors on Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel, Corros. Sci., 2016, 112, p 289–30710.1016/j.corsci.2016.07.030 ↗
71. S. Evers, C. Senöz, and M. Rohwerder, Spatially Resolved High Sensitive Measurement of Hydrogen Permeation by Scanning Kelvin Probe Microscopy, Electrochim. Acta, 2013, 110, p 534–53810.1016/j.electacta.2013.04.171 ↗
72. X.L. Xu, Z.W. Yu, and H. Yu, Hydrogen Embrittlement Failure of a Galvanized Washer, J. Fail. Anal. and Preven., 2014, 14, p 197–20210.1007/s11668-014-9784-8 ↗
73. I.M. Bernstein and A.W. Thompson, Hydrogen in Metals, Amer. Soc. For Metals, Metals Park, 1974
74. N. Michailidis, F. Stergioudi, G. Maliaris, and A. Tsouknidas, Influence of Galvanization on the Corrosion Fatigue Performance of High-Strength Steel, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2014, 259, p 456–46410.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.10.049 ↗
75. C.N. Panagopoulos, E.P. Georgiou, and D. Chaliampalias, Cathodic Hydrogen Charging of Zinc, Corros. Sci., 2014, 79, p 16–2010.1016/j.corsci.2013.10.016 ↗
76. A.A. Saleh, D. Hejazi, A.A. Gazder, D.P. Dunne, and E.V. Pereloma, Investigation of the Effect of Electrolytic Hydrogen Charging of X70 steel: II. Microstructural and Crystallographic Analyses of the Formation of Hydrogen Induced Cracks and Blisters, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41, p 12424–1243510.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.05.235 ↗
77. H. Wan, C. Du, Z. Liu, D. Song, and X. Li, The Effect of Hydrogen on Stress Corrosion Behavior of X65 Steel Welded Joint in Simulated Deep Sea Environment, Ocean Eng., 2016, 114, p 216–22310.1016/j.oceaneng.2016.01.020 ↗
78. G. Wranglén and M.I. Khokhar, On the Relation Between Corrosion Potential and Galvanic Corrosion of c-Steels in Acid Solutions, Corros. Sci., 1969, 9, p 439–44110.1016/S0010-938X(69)80041-7 ↗
79. E.A. Noor and A.H. Al-Moubaraki, Corrosion Behavior of Mild Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solutions, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 2008, 3, p 806–81810.1016/S1452-3981(23)15485-X ↗
80. M. Rafique, N. Afzal, K.M. Deen, and Y.S. Kim, Electrochemical Behavior of Hydrogen Precipitated Zircaloy-4, Mod. Phys. Lett. B, 2015, 29, p 1550200–155021210.1142/S0217984915502000 ↗