journal article·2022-02

Tribological Behavior of Laser Surface Melted γ-TiAl Fabricated by Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing

G. V. Krishna Pradeep, Muthukannan Duraiselvam, K. Sivaprasad

Publisher page

Abstract

Gamma titanium aluminide intermetallic alloys (γ-TiAl) are widely used in automotive and aerospace engineering fields to achieve weight reduction of various components. The γ-TiAl alloy which is used in engine valves of stated fields are affected through several tribological aspects. In the present study, γ-TiAl fabricated by electron beam melting (EBM) has been melted using fiber laser. The aim of the present work is to study the tribological behavior of EBM fabricated γ-TiAl treated with laser surface melting (LSM) which is done in a controlled atmosphere with different laser processing conditions. Metallurgical characterization of LSM samples was studied using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The wear resistance of substrate and LSM samples were analyzed using a tribometer. Load, speed, velocity, and sliding distance are considered as input parameters for the wear study. The improvement in microhardness is found in the LSM melted zone when compared to the substrate. The wear rate of LSM samples at 500, 600, and 700 W power with constant scanning velocity of 450 mm/min are lower than that of the substrate material. The surface roughness of LSM samples was also analyzed with substrate which shows better surface finish.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes · High Entropy Alloys Studies · Intermetallics and Advanced Alloy Properties

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (34)

Show source-provided references
1. H. Clemens, W. Smarsly, V. Güther, and S. Mayer, Advanced Intermetallic Titanium Aluminides. Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Titanium, 2016, p 1189–1200. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119296126.ch20310.1002/9781119296126.ch203 ↗
2. C. Zambaldi and D. Raabe, Plastic Anisotropy of γ-TiAl Revealed by Axisymmetric Indentation, Acta Mater., 2010, 58(9), p 3516–3530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2010.02.02510.1016/j.actamat.2010.02.025 ↗
3. P. Bartolotta, J. Barrett, T. Kelly and R. Smashey, Use of Cast Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb in Jet Engines, Jom, 1997, 49(5), p 48–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf0291468510.1007/bf02914685 ↗
4. S.C. Huang, US Patent, 1989, 4879092
5. F. Lai, S. Qu, H. Qin, R. Lewis, T. Slatter, X. Li, and H. Luo, A Comparison of Wear Behaviour of Heat-Resistant Steel Engine Valves and TiAl Engine Valves. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part J. J. Eng. Tribol. 2020, 234(10), 1549–1562.10.1177/1350650119872093 ↗
6. M. Panţuru, D. Chicet, C. Paulin, A. Alexandru, and C. Munteanu, Wear Aspects of Internal Combustion Engine Valves, IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2016, 147(1).10.1088/1757-899X/147/1/012036 ↗
7. D.M. Roessler, Laser processing of materials for automotive applications, Mater. Manuf. Process., 1989, 4(3), p 285–310. https://doi.org/10.1080/1042691890895629610.1080/10426918908956296 ↗
8. Y.D. Kim and W.S. Kim, A Numerical Analysis of Heat and Fluid Flow with a Deformable Curved Free Surface in a Laser Melting Process, Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, 2008, 29(5), p 1481–1493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2008.06.00910.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2008.06.009 ↗
9. L. Li, Advances and Characteristics of High-Power Diode Laser Materials Processing, Opt. Lasers Eng., 2000, 34(4–6), p 231–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-8166(00)00066-X10.1016/S0143-8166(00)00066-X ↗
10. W.M. Steen, Laser material processing, 3rd edn, Springer, London
11. K.F. Alabeedi, J.H. Abboud and K.Y. Benyounis, Microstructure and Erosion Resistance Enhancement of Nodular Cast Iron by Laser Melting, Wear, 2009, 266(9–10), p 925–933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2008.12.01510.1016/j.wear.2008.12.015 ↗
12. S.P. L. Kumar and D. Avinash, Review on Effect of Ti-Alloy Processing Techniques on Surface-Integrity for Biomedical Application, Mater. Manuf. Process., Taylor & Francis, 2020, 35(8), p 869–892. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2020.174819510.1080/10426914.2020.1748195 ↗
13. Y. Xianqing, Z. Chengjun, S. Xuefeng, H. Manping and M. Jianguo, Microstructure Evolution of WC/Steel Composite by Laser Surface Re-Melting, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2007, 253(9), p 4409–4414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2006.09.06110.1016/j.apsusc.2006.09.061 ↗
14. X. Guozhi, Z. Jingxian, L. Yijun, W. Keyu, M. Xiangyin and L. Pinghua, Effect of Laser Remelting on Corrosion Behavior of Plasma-Sprayed Ni-Coated WC Coatings, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2007, 460–461, p 351–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2007.01.06410.1016/j.msea.2007.01.064 ↗
15. J. Dutta Majumdar and I. Manna, Laser Material Processing, Int. Mater. Rev., 2011, 56(5–6), p 341–388. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743280411Y.000000000310.1179/1743280411Y.0000000003 ↗
16. K.R. Rakesh, S. Bontha, M.R. Ramesh, S.B. Arya, M. Das, V.K. Balla, and A. Srinivasan, Laser Surface Modification of Mg-Zn-Gd Alloy: Microstructural, Wettability and in Vitro Degradation Aspects, Mater. Res. Express, IOP Publishing, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aadec610.1088/2053-1591/aadec6 ↗
17. B.S. Yilbaş, A.Z. Şahin, M. Sami, A. Çoban and R. Bozdogan, Study into Laser Heating of Ti14Al21Nb Alloy to Improve Properties, Opt. Lasers Eng., 1995, 23(1), p 53–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/0143-8166(94)00022-310.1016/0143-8166(94)00022-3 ↗
18. A. Zieliński, J. Magdalena, A. Narożniak-Łuksza and W. Serbiński, Surface Structure and Properties of Ti6Al4V Alloy Laser Melted at Cryogenic Conditions, Manuf. Eng., 2006, 18(1), p 423–426
19. J.M. Robinson, B.A. Van Brussel, J.T.M. De Hosson and R.C. Reed, X-Ray Measurement of Residual Stresses in Laser Surface Melted Ti-6Al-4V Alloy, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1996, 208(1), p 143–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-5093(95)10158-610.1016/0921-5093(95)10158-6 ↗
20. G.Q. Wu, G.X. Luo, Z. Huang and Z.J. Ruan, Dendritic Structural Transformation of Laser Surface Remelted γ-TiAl Based Alloy during Post-Heat Treatment, Mater. Lett., 2006, 60(3), p 406–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2005.09.00110.1016/j.matlet.2005.09.001 ↗
21. B. Cárcel, A. Serrano, J. Zambrano, V. Amigó, and A.C. Cárcel, Laser Cladding of TiAl Intermetallic Alloy on Ti6Al4V. Process Optimization and Properties, Phys. Procedia, Elsevier B.V., 2014, 56(C), p 284–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2014.08.17310.1016/j.phpro.2014.08.173 ↗
22. V.K. Balla, M. Das, A. Mohammad and A.M. Al-Ahmari, Additive Manufacturing of γ-TiAl: Processing, Microstructure, and Properties, Adv. Eng. Mater., 2016, 18(7), p 1208–1215. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.20150058810.1002/adem.201500588 ↗
23. V.K. Balla, J. Soderlind, S. Bose and A. Bandyopadhyay, Microstructure, Mechanical and Wear Properties of Laser Surface Melted Ti6Al4V Alloy, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 2014, 32, p 335–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.12.00110.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.12.001 ↗
24. G.V.K. Pradeep, M. Duraiselvam, K.S. Prasad, and A. Mohammad, Tribological Behavior of Additive Manufactured γ-TiAl by Electron Beam Melting, Trans. Indian Inst. Met., Springer India, 2020, 73(6), p 1661–1667. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-020-01950-810.1007/s12666-020-01950-8 ↗
25. Standard test method for wear testing with a pin-on-disk apparatus, ASTM Standard, G 99
26. M. Lamirand, J.L. Bonnentien, G. Ferrière, S. Guérin, and J.P. Chevalier, Effects of Interstitial Oxygen on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti-48AI-2Cr-2Nb with Fully Lamellar and Duplex Microstructures, Metall. Mater. Trans. A Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci., 2006, 37(8), p 2369–2378. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0258621110.1007/BF02586211 ↗
27. A. Mohammad, A.M. Alahmari, M.K. Mohammed, R.K. Renganayagalu and K. Moiduddin, Effect of Energy Input on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Titanium Aluminide Alloy Fabricated by the Additive Manufacturing Process of Electron Beam Melting, Materials (Basel), 2017, 10(2), p 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1002021110.3390/ma10020211 ↗
28. J. Schwerdtfeger and C. Körner, Selective Electron Beam Melting of Ti-48Al-2Nb-2Cr: Microstructure and Aluminium Loss, Intermetallics, Elsevier Ltd, 2014, 49, p 29–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2014.01.00410.1016/j.intermet.2014.01.004 ↗
29. N. Jeyaprakash, C.-H. Yang and D.R. Kumar, Laser Surface Modification of Materials, Laser Ablation, 2020 https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.9443910.5772/intechopen.94439 ↗
30. F.H. Froes, C. Suryanarayana and D. Eliezer, Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Titanium Aluminides, J. Mater. Sci., 1992, 27(19), p 5113–5140. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0240380610.1007/BF02403806 ↗
31. V.P. Rotshtein and V.A. Shulov, Surface Modification and Alloying of Aluminum and Titanium Alloys with Low-Energy, High-Current Electron Beams, J. Metall., 2011, p 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/67368510.1155/2011/673685 ↗
32. I.N. Maliutina, H. Si-Mohand, R. Piolet, F. Missemer, A.I. Popelyukh, N.S. Belousova, and P. Bertrand, Laser Cladding of γ-TiAl Intermetallic Alloy on Titanium Alloy Substrates, Metall. Mater. Trans. A Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci., Springer US, 2016, 47(1), p 378–387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-015-3205-910.1007/s11661-015-3205-9 ↗
33. M. Balichakra, S. Bontha, P. Krishna, V. K. Balla, Mater. Res. Express, Laser Surface Melting of γ-TiAl Alloy: An Experimental and Numerical Modeling Study, Materials research express, 2019 , 6(4), p 046543. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aafc8910.1088/2053-1591/aafc89 ↗
34. N. Jeyaprakash, M. Duraiselvam and R. Raju, Modelling of Cr3C2-25% NiCr Laser Alloyed Cast Iron in High Temperature Sliding Wear Condition Using Response Surface Methodology, Arch. Metall. Mater., 2018, 63(3), p 1303–1315. https://doi.org/10.24425/12380510.24425/123805 ↗