Influence of Cryogenic Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti6Al4V Alloy
Source abstract
Abstract
Cryogenic treatment is an emerging application that can make significant changes in many materials. In this study, shallow (− 80 °C) and deep (− 196 °C) cryogenic treatment was applied to Ti6Al4V alloy. Additionally, aging treatment and supplementary deep cryogenic treatment were also performed. Tensile tests were done to observe the effects of cryogenic treatment on the mechanical properties and formability of Ti6Al4 alloy. According to the results of these tests, it was observed that the cryogenic treatment had a positive influence on the plasticity properties of Ti6Al4V alloy. For the 24-h and 36-h deep cryo-treated samples, the uniform plastic deformation region (UPDR) was extended 5 and 8.3% compared to untreated sample, respectively. However, this improvement in plasticity observed in samples treated with cryogenic treatment for 36 h led to a decrease in yield strength by 2%. Microstructural and XRD analysis was performed to characterize the microstructural changes that happened with the effect of applied heat treatments. The characterization study shows that with the application of cryogenic treatment internal structure of the material changed, the β phase ratio of the alloy decreased from 8.1 to 5.6% with 36-h deep cryogenic treatment. The unstable β phase was transformed into α phase and stable β phase. The experimental study shows that cryogenic treatment improves the plasticity and toughness of Ti6Al4V alloy at room temperature and regulates the microstructure and reduces the residual stress.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Metal Alloys Wear and Properties · Advanced materials and composites · High Entropy Alloys Studies
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (33)
Show source-provided references
1. K. X. Gu, J. J. Wang, Z. Yuan, H. Zhang, Z. Q. Li, and B. Zhao, Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on the Plastic Property of Ti-6Al-4V Titanium Alloy, 2014, pp. 42–47, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4860602.10.1063/1.4860602 ↗
2. K.X. Gu et al., The Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on the Microstructure and Properties of Ti-6Al-4V Titanium Alloy, Mater. Sci. Forum, 2013, 747–748, p 899–903. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.747-748.89910.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.747-748.899 ↗
3. W. Sha and S. Malinov, Titanium alloys: modelling of microstructure, properties and applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 200910.1201/NOE1439801482 ↗
4. L. Zeng and T.R. Bieler, Effects of Working, Heat Treatment, and Aging on Microstructural Evolution And Crystallographic Texture of α, α′, α″ and β Phases in Ti-6Al-4V Wire, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2005, 392(1–2), p 403–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2004.09.07210.1016/j.msea.2004.09.072 ↗
5. Y.-G. Huang, J.-R. Chen, M.-L. Zhang, X.-X. Zhong, H.-Q. Wang, and Q.-Y. Li, Electrolytic Boronizing of Titanium in Na2B4O7-20%K2CO3, Mater. Manuf. Process., 2013, 28(12), p 1310–1313. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2013.84091210.1080/10426914.2013.840912 ↗
6. J.W. Elmer, T.A. Palmer, S.S. Babu, and E.D. Specht, In Situ Observations of Lattice Expansion and Transformation Rates of α and β Phases in Ti-6Al-4 V, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2005, 391(1–2), p 104–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2004.08.08410.1016/j.msea.2004.08.084 ↗
7. R. Singh, A. Kurella, and N.B. Dahotre, Laser Surface Modification of Ti-6Al-4V: Wear and Corrosion Characterization in Simulated Biofluid, J. Biomater. Appl., 2006, 21(1), p 49–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/088532820605599810.1177/0885328206055998 ↗
8. P. Singh, H. Pungotra, and N.S. Kalsi, Optimization of Deep Cryogenic Treatment Conditions for the Wear Rate Of UNS R56400 (Ti6Al4V) Medical Titanium Alloy using Taguchi’s Method, Mater. Technol., 2019, 34(2), p 84–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/10667857.2018.152309910.1080/10667857.2018.1523099 ↗
9. J.I. Qazi, O.N. Senkov, J. Rahim, and F.H. (Sam) Froes, Kinetics of Martensite Decomposition in Ti-6Al-4V-xH Alloys, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2003, 359(1–2), p 137–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(03)00350-210.1016/s0921-5093(03)00350-2 ↗
10. M.T. Jovanović, S. Tadić, S. Zec, Z. Mišković, and I. Bobić, The Effect of Annealing Temperatures and Cooling Rates on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Investment Cast Ti-6Al-4V Alloy, Mater. Des., 2006, 27(3), p 192–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2004.10.01710.1016/j.matdes.2004.10.017 ↗
11. B. Callegari et al., In-situ Synchrotron Radiation Study of The Aging Response of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy with Different Starting Microstructures, Mater. Charact., 2020, 165, p 110400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2020.11040010.1016/j.matchar.2020.110400 ↗
12. B. Callegari et al., New Insights into the Microstructural Evolution of Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr Alloy During Hot Working, Mater. Charact., 2020, 162, p 110180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2020.11018010.1016/j.matchar.2020.110180 ↗
13. I. Gunes, A. Cicek, K. Aslantas, and F. Kara, Effect of Deep Cryogenic Treatment on Wear Resistance of AISI, 52100 Bearing Steel, Trans. Indian Inst. Met., 2014, 67(6), p 909–917. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-014-0417-410.1007/s12666-014-0417-4 ↗
14. A. Çiçek, F. Kara, T. Kıvak, E. Ekici, and İ. Uygur, Effects of Deep Cryogenic Treatment on the Wear Resistance and Mechanical Properties of AISI, H13 Hot-Work Tool Steel, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2015, 24(11), p 4431–4439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-015-1712-x10.1007/s11665-015-1712-x ↗
15. F.H. Çakir and O.N. Çelik, Improvement of the Machinability of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Wire Electro Discharge Machining with Cryogenic Treatment, Met. Mater. Int., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-020-00667-z10.1007/s12540-020-00667-z ↗
16. N.A. Özbek, Effects of Cryogenic Treatment Types on the Performance of Coated Tungsten Tools in the Turning of AISI, H11 Steel, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2020, 9(4), p 9442–9456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.03.03810.1016/j.jmrt.2020.03.038 ↗
17. E. Nas and N. Altan Özbek, Optimization of the Machining Parameters in Turning of Hardened Hot Work Tool Steel using Cryogenically Treated Tools, Surf. Rev. Lett., 2020, 27(05), p 1950177. https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x1950177410.1142/s0218625x19501774 ↗
18. D. Mohan Lal, S. Renganarayanan, and A. Kalanidhi, Cryogenic Treatment to Augment Wear Resistance of Tool and Die Steels, Cryogenics, 2001, 41(3), p 149–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0011-2275(01)00065-010.1016/s0011-2275(01)00065-0 ↗
19. F.H. Çakir and O.N. Çelik, The Effects Of Cryogenic Treatment on the Toughness and Tribological Behaviors of Eutectoid Steel, J. Mech. Sci. Technol., 2017, 31(7), p 3233–3239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-017-0613-310.1007/s12206-017-0613-3 ↗
20. Y. Yao, X. Li, and X. He, Effect of Deep Cryogenic Treatment on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu Solder, J. Sci. Mater. Electron, Mater, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-017-8400-610.1007/s10854-017-8400-6 ↗
21. S.J. Gobbi, V.J. Gobbi, G. Reinke, P.V. Muterlle, and D.M. Rosa, Ultra-low-Temperature Process Effects on Microscale Abrasion of Tool Steel AISI, D2, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2019, 35(11), p 1355–1364. https://doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2019.162401810.1080/02670836.2019.1624018 ↗
22. Z. Hu, C. Guo, and H. Li, Influence of AZ31 Sheet Treated by Cryogenic on Punch Shearing, J. Cent. South Univ., 2019, 26(6), p 1582–1591. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-019-4114-710.1007/s11771-019-4114-7 ↗
23. A. Sert and O.N. Celik, Characterization of the Mechanism of Cryogenic Treatment on the Microstructural Changes in Tungsten Carbide Cutting Tools, Mater. Charact., 2019, 150, p 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2019.02.00610.1016/j.matchar.2019.02.006 ↗
24. S. Kalia, Cryogenic Processing: A Study of Materials at Low Temperatures, J. Low Temp. Phys., 2010, 158(5–6), p 934–945. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-009-0058-x10.1007/s10909-009-0058-x ↗
25. K. Gu, B. Zhao, Z. Weng, K. Wang, H. Cai, and J. Wang, Microstructure Evolution in Metastable β Titanium alloy Subjected to Deep Cryogenic Treatment, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2018, 723, p 157–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.03.00310.1016/j.msea.2018.03.003 ↗
26. D. S. Nadig, V. Ramakrishnan, P. Sampathkumaran, and C. S. Prashanth, “Effect of cryogenic treatment on thermal conductivity properties of copper,” Spokane, Washington, USA, 2012, pp. 133–139, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4712089.10.1063/1.4712089 ↗
27. K. Gu, J. Wang, and Y. Zhou, Effect of Cryogenic Treatment On Wear Resistance of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy for Biomedical Applications, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 2014, 30, p 131–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.11.00310.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.11.003 ↗
28. M. Vashista and S. Paul, Correlation Between Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) of XRD Peak with Residual Stress on Ground Surfaces, Philos. Mag., 2012, 92(33), p 4194–4204. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786435.2012.70442910.1080/14786435.2012.704429 ↗
29. H.-M. Tung, J.-H. Huang, D.-G. Tsai, C.-F. Ai, and G.-P. Yu, Hardness and Residual Stress in Nanocrystalline ZrN Films: Effect of Bias Voltage and Heat Treatment, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2009, 500(1–2), p 104–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2008.09.00610.1016/j.msea.2008.09.006 ↗
30. S. Rai, B.K. Choudhary, T. Jayakumar, K.B.S. Rao, and B. Raj, Characterization of Low Cycle Fatigue Damage in 9Cr-1Mo Ferritic Steel using x-ray Diffraction Technique, Int. J. Press. Vessels Pip., 1999, 76(5), p 275–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-0161(98)00140-910.1016/S0308-0161(98)00140-9 ↗
31. K.-X. Gu, K.-K. Wang, J.-P. Zheng, L.-B. Chen, and J.-J. Wang, Electrochemical Behavior of Ti-6Al-4 V Alloy in Hank’s Solution Subjected to Deep Cryogenic Treatment, Rare Met., 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-018-1163-210.1007/s12598-018-1163-2 ↗
32. ASM International, J. R. Davis, and ASM International, Eds., Heat treating, [10. ed.], 8. print. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International, 2007.
33. K.-X. Gu, K.-K. Wang, J.-P. Zheng, L.-B. Chen, and J.-J. Wang, Electrochemical Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy in Hank’s Solution Subjected to Deep Cryogenic Treatment, Rare Met., 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-018-1163-210.1007/s12598-018-1163-2 ↗