Development of Pulsed Current Arc Welding to Preclude Carbide Precipitates in Hastelloy X Weldment Using ERNiCr-3
Source abstract
Abstract
In this study, gas tungsten arc (GTA) and pulsed current gas tungsten arc (PCGTA) welding on Hastelloy X were performed using ERNiCr-3. The welded plates are free from the porosity, inclusion, liquation cracks, and hot cracks. The weld bead profile shows a lower bead width in PCGTA than GTA weldment. The segregations of Cr, Mo, Nb, and Ti were identified in GTA with the development of Fe3Mo3C (M6C), Fe2MoC (M3C), Cr23C6, Cr2Ti, Ni8Nb phases. While in PCGTA, Nb and Ti segregations alone were observed with the formation of phases like Ni3Ti, Cr2Ti, Ni8Nb, respectively. The presence of γ prime precipitate (Ni3Ti) observed in PCGTA improved the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) by 8.56% compared to GTA. The UTS and ductility were found inferior in both the weldments when compared to the base metal. This is due to the precipitation of Ni8Nb phase and the existence of Cr2Ti phase, respectively. The PCGTA weldment also shown improved microhardness by 12.21% and impact energy by 9.78% compared to GTA, respectively. The refined crystallite size and precluded carbide precipitates in PCGTA are responsible for the enhanced properties.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses · Advanced materials and composites · Metal Alloys Wear and Properties
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (33)
Show source-provided references
1. Inconel alloy HX (UNS N06002), Technical Data Sheet, Special Metal Corporation (2005). http://www.specialmetals.com/assets/smc/documents/alloys/inconel/inconel-alloy-hx.pdf. Accessed 8 Aug 2019
2. L. Rakoczy, M. Grudzien, L. Tuz, K. Pancikiewicz, and A. Zielinska-Lipiec, Microstructure and Properties of a Repair Weld in a Nickel Based Superalloy Gas Turbine Component, Adv. Mater. Res., 2017, 17(2), p 55–63
3. X. Ni, D. Kong, L. Zhang, C. Dong, J. Song, and W. Wu, Effect of Process Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of Hastelloy X Alloy Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2019, 28(9), p 5533–5540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04275-w10.1007/s11665-019-04275-w ↗
4. N. Aminipour and R. Derakhshandeh-Haghighi, The Effect of Weld Metal Composition on Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Welds Between Monel 400 and Inconel 600, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2019, 28(10), p 6111–6124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04328-010.1007/s11665-019-04328-0 ↗
5. R. Sihotang, P. Sung-Sang, and B. Eung-Ryul, Effects of Heat Input on Microstructure of Tungsten Inert Gas Welding Used Hastelloy X, Mater. Res. Innov., 2014, 18(sup2), p S2-1074–S2-1080. https://doi.org/10.1179/1432891714z.00000000055910.1179/1432891714z.000000000559 ↗
6. R. Sihotang, S. Choi, S. Park, and E. Baek, Fatigue Life of the Repair TIG Welded Hastelloy X Superalloy, J. Weld. Join., 2015, 33(5), p 26–30. https://doi.org/10.5781/JWJ.2015.33.5.2610.5781/JWJ.2015.33.5.26 ↗
7. M. Pakniat, F.M. Ghaini, and M.J. Torkamany, Hot Cracking in Laser Welding of Hastelloy X with Pulsed Nd:YAG and Continuous Fiber Lasers, Mater. Des., 2016, 106, p 177–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.05.12410.1016/j.matdes.2016.05.124 ↗
8. J.C. Zhao, M. Larsen, and V. Ravikumar, Phase Precipitation and Time-Temperature-Transformation Diagram of Hastelloy X, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2000, 293(1), p 112–11910.1016/S0921-5093(00)01049-2 ↗
9. M. Reza Abedi, H. Sabet, and H. Razavi, The Effect of Repair Welding Number on Microstructure of Hastelloy X Fabricated via TIG Process, Int. J. Mater. Sci. Appl., 2016, 5(2), p 43–48. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20160502.1210.11648/j.ijmsa.20160502.12 ↗
10. S.G.K. Manikandan, D. Sivakumar, K. Prasad Rao, and M. Kamaraj, Effect of Weld Cooling Rate on Laves Phase Formation in Inconel 718 Fusion Zone, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2014, 214(2), p 358–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.09.00610.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.09.006 ↗
11. P. Subramani and M. Manikandan, Development of Welding Technique to Suppress the Microsegregation in the Aerospace Grade Alloy 80A by Conventional Current Pulsing Technique, J. Manuf. Process., 2018, 34(April), p 579–592
12. B. Arulmurugan and M. Manikandan, Development of Welding Technology for Improving the Metallurgical and Mechanical Properties of 21st Century Nickel Based Superalloy 686, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2017, 691, p 126–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.03.04210.1016/j.msea.2017.03.042 ↗
13. S. Krishnan, D.V. Kulkarni, and A. De, Probing Pulsed Current Gas Metal Arc Welding for Modified 9Cr-1Mo Steel, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2015, 24(4), p 1462–147010.1007/s11665-015-1430-4 ↗
14. K. Pal and S.K. Pal, Effect of Pulse Parameters on Weld Quality in Pulsed Gas Metal Arc Welding: A Review, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2011, 20(6), p 918–93110.1007/s11665-010-9717-y ↗
15. D. Tomus, Y. Tian, P.A. Rometsch, M. Heilmaier, and X. Wu, Influence of Post Heat Treatments on Anisotropy of Mechanical Behaviour and Microstructure of Hastelloy-X Parts Produced by Selective Laser Melting, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2016, 667(4), p 42–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.04.08610.1016/j.msea.2016.04.086 ↗
16. P. Subramani and M. Manikandan, Development of Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Using Current Pulsing Technique to Preclude Chromium Carbide Precipitation in Aerospace-Grade Alloy 80A, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 2019, 26(2), p 210–22110.1007/s12613-019-1726-8 ↗
17. S. Sharma, R.V. Taiwade, and H. Vashishtha, Effect of Continuous and Pulsed Current Gas Tungsten Arc Welding on Dissimilar Weldments Between Hastelloy C-276/AISI, 321 Austenitic Stainless Steel, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2017, 26, p 1146–115710.1007/s11665-017-2570-5 ↗
18. K.S. Bal, J. Dutta Majumdar, and A. Roy Choudhury, Elemental Micro-segregation Characteristic of Fiber Laser Welded Hastelloy C-276 Sheet, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China (English Ed), 2018, 28(11), p 2236–2247. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(18)64868-x10.1016/s1003-6326(18)64868-x ↗
19. K. Wu, N. Ding, T. Yin, M. Zeng, and Z. Liang, Effects of Single and Double Pulses on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Weld Joints during High-Power Double-Wire GMAW, J. Manuf. Process., 2018, 35, p 728–734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2018.08.02510.1016/j.jmapro.2018.08.025 ↗
20. F. George Vander Voort, Metallography and Microstructures, ASM Handbook, ASM International, Cleveland, 200410.31399/asm.hb.v09.9781627081771 ↗
21. E. Farahani, M. Shamanian, and F. Ashrafizadeh, A Comparative Study on Direct and Pulsed Current Gas Tungsten Arc Welding of Alloy 617, AMAE Int. J. Manuf. Mater. Sci., 2012, 02(01), p 1–610.5923/j.materials.20120201.01 ↗
22. A. Srikanth and M. Manikandan, Development of Welding Technique to Avoid the Sensitization in the Alloy 600 by Conventional Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Method, J. Manuf. Process., 2017, 30, p 452–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2017.10.01410.1016/j.jmapro.2017.10.014 ↗
23. K. Mageshkumar, P. Kuppan, and N. Arivazhagan, Characterization of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Nickel Based Superalloy 617 by Pulsed Current Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Technique, Mater. Res. Exp., 2018, 5(6), p 66541. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aacb5610.1088/2053-1591/aacb56 ↗
24. Y.T. Long, P.L. Nie, Z.G. Li, J. Huang, X. Li, and X.M. Xu, Segregation of Niobium in Laser Cladding Inconel 718 Superalloy, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China (English Ed), 2016, 26(2), p 431–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(16)64131-610.1016/s1003-6326(16)64131-6 ↗
25. Y.S. Sato, P. Arkom, H. Kokawa, T.W. Nelson, and R.J. Steel, Effect of Microstructure on Properties of Friction Stir Welded Inconel Alloy 600, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2008, 477(1–2), p 250–258
26. M. Manikandan, N. Arivazhagan, M. Nageswara Rao, and G.M. Reddy, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Alloy C-276 Weldments Fabricated by Continuous and Pulsed Current Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Techniques, J. Manuf. Process., 2014, 16(4), p 563–57210.1016/j.jmapro.2014.08.002 ↗
27. K. Feng, P. Liu, H. Li, S. Sun, S. Xu, and J. Li, Microstructure and Phase Transformation on the Surface of Inconel 718 Alloys Fabricated by SLM under 1050 C Solid Solution + Double Ageing, Vacuum, 2017, 145, p 112–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2017.08.04410.1016/j.vacuum.2017.08.044 ↗
28. M. Szkodo and G. Gajowiec, Studies of the Mechanism of Metal Dusting of 10CrMo9-10 Steel after 10 Years of Operation in the Semi-Regenerative Catalytic Reformer, Corros. Sci., 2016, 102, p 279–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2015.10.01610.1016/j.corsci.2015.10.016 ↗
29. D. William Callister, Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering, 5th ed., W. Anderson, Ed., Wiley, Ne York, 2001,
30. H. Wang, S. Wang, P. Gao, T. Jiang, X. Lu, and C. Li, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Novel Near-α Titanium Alloy Ti6.0Al4.5Cr1.5Mn, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2016, 672, p 170–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.06.08310.1016/j.msea.2016.06.083 ↗
31. Y. Guo, T. Jiang Li, C. Xia Wang, S. Fang Hou, and B. Han Wang, Microstructure and Phase Precipitate Behavior of Inconel 740H During Aging, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China (English Ed.), 2016, 26(6), p 1598–1606. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(16)64266-810.1016/s1003-6326(16)64266-8 ↗
32. M. Yousefieh, M. Shamanian, and A. Saatchi, Optimization of Experimental Conditions of the Pulsed Current GTAW Parameters for Mechanical Properties of SDSS UNS S32760 Welds Based on the Taguchi Design Method, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2012, 21(9), p 1978–198810.1007/s11665-011-0105-z ↗
33. M. Balasubramanian, V. Jayabalan, and V. Balasubramanian, Effect of Microstructure on Impact Toughness of Pulsed Current GTA Welded α-β Titanium Alloy, Mater. Lett., 2008, 62(6–7), p 1102–110610.1016/j.matlet.2007.07.065 ↗