journal article·2016-06Open access

A New XRD Method to Quantify Plate and Lath Martensites of Hardened Medium-Carbon Steel

Quanshun Luo

Abstract

This paper introduces a new technique to separately measure the volume fraction and tetragonal ratio of co-existing lath and plate martensites in ultrahigh strength steel, and to calculate their different carbon contents. First, the two martensites are assumed to have body-centered tetragonal lattice structures of different tetragonal ratios. X-ray diffraction is then applied to obtain the overlapping {200} diffraction peak, which is subsequently separated as four sub-peaks using a self-made multiple Gaussian peak-fitting method to allow the measurement of the individual lattice parameters c and a. Finally, a modified equation is applied to calculate the carbon contents from the obtained tetragonal ratios. The new technique is then applied to investigate the effect of subsequent tempering on the decarbonization of the as-quenched martensites.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Steels · Metal Alloys Wear and Properties · Hydrogen embrittlement and corrosion behaviors in metals

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (36)

Show source-provided references
1. Z. Li, Z.Q. He, J.J. Jin, and P. Zhong, Development of Aeronautical Ultra-High Strength Steels, National Defence Industry Press, Beijing, 2012, p 227 (in Chinese)
2. Y. Tomita, Development of Fracture Toughness of Ultrahigh Strength, Medium Carbon, Low Alloy Steels for Aerospace Applications, Int. Mater. Rev., 2000, 45, p 27–3710.1179/095066000771048791 ↗
3. H. Dong, High Performance Steels: Initiative and Practice, Sci. China Technol. Sci., 2012, 55, p 1774–179010.1007/s11431-012-4911-9 ↗
4. D.V. Edmonds, K. He, F.C. Rizzo, B.C. De Cooman, D.K. Matlock, and J.G. Speer, Quenching and Partitioning Martensite—A Novel Steel Heat Treatment, Mater. Sci. Eng., 2006, A438–440, p 25–3410.1016/j.msea.2006.02.133 ↗
5. J. Speer, D.K. Matlock, B.C. DeCooman, and J.G. Schroth, Carbon Partitioning into Austenite After Martensite Transformation, Acta Mater., 2003, 51, p 2611–262210.1016/S1359-6454(03)00059-4 ↗
6. Y. Rong, Advanced Q-P-T Steels with Ultrahigh Strength-High Ductility, Acta Metall. Sin., 2011, 47, p 1483–1489 (in Chinese)
7. F.G. Caballero and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, Very Strong Bainite, Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater., 2004, 8, p 251–25710.1016/j.cossms.2004.09.005 ↗
8. T.S. Wang, J. Yang, C.J. Shang, X.Y. Li, B. Zhang, and F.C. Zhang, Microstructure and Impact Toughness of Low-Alloy High-Carbon Steel Austempered at Low Temperature, Scr. Mater., 2009, 61, p 434–43710.1016/j.scriptamat.2009.04.038 ↗
9. C. Garcia-Mateo and F.G. Caballero, Ultra High Strength Bainitic Steels, ISIJ Int., 2005, 45, p 1736–174010.2355/isijinternational.45.1736 ↗
10. A. Garg and T.R. McNelley, Estimation of Martensite Carbon Content in As-Quenched AISI, 52100 Steel by X-ray Diffraction, Mater. Lett., 1986, 4, p 214–21810.1016/0167-577X(86)90100-X ↗
11. R. Abbaschian and L. Abbeschian, Physical Metallurgy Principles, 4th ed., Cengage Learning, Stanford, 1994, p 623–624
12. T.Y. Hsu and X.M. Li, Diffusion of Carbon During the Formation of Low-Carbon Martensite, Scr. Metall., 1983, 19, p A83–A88
13. G. Krauss, Deformation and Fracture in Martensitic Carbon Steels Tempered at Low Temperatures, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2001, 32, p 205–22110.1007/s11663-001-0044-4 ↗
14. M.K. Kang, Y.L. Ai, M.X. Zhang, Y.Q. Yang, M. Zhu, and Y. Chen, Carbon Content of Bainite Ferrite in 40CrMnSiMoV Steel, Mater. Chem. Phys., 2009, 118, p 438–44110.1016/j.matchemphys.2009.08.014 ↗
15. X. Liu, F. Zhong, J.X. Zhang, M.X. Zhang, M.K. Kang, and Z.Q. Guo, Lattice-Parameter Variation with Carbon Content of Martensite. 1. X-ray Diffraction Experimental Study, Phys. Rev. B, 1995, 52, p 9970–997810.1103/PhysRevB.52.9970 ↗
16. X. Liu and K.M. Kang, Quantitative Relationship Between the Lattice Parameters and Carbon Content of Martensite: New Experiments of X-ray Diffraction, Trans. Met. Heat Treat., 2000, 21, p 68–77 (in Chinese)
17. Z. Lawrynowicz, Carbon Partitioning During Bainite Transformation in Low Alloy Steels, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2002, 18, p 1322–132410.1179/026708302225007259 ↗
18. E.S.K. Menon and A.G. Fox, Detection, Distribution and Quantification of Carbon in Steel Microstructures by PEELS, Microsc. Microanal., 2002, 8, p 392–40210.1017/S1431927602010267 ↗
19. C.P. Scott and J. Drillet, A Study of Carbon Distribution in Retained Austenite, Scr. Mater., 2007, 56, p 489–49210.1016/j.scriptamat.2006.11.033 ↗
20. I.B. Timokhina, H. Beladi, X.Y. Xiong, Y. Adachi, and P.D. Hodgson, Nanoscale Microstructure Characterization of a Nanobainitic Steel, Acta Mater., 2011, 59, p 5511–552210.1016/j.actamat.2011.05.024 ↗
21. C. Garcia-Mateo, F.G. Caballero, M.K. Miller, and J.A. Jimenez, On Measurement of Carbon Content in Retained Austenite in a Nanostructured Bainitic Steel, J. Mater. Sci., 2012, 57, p 1004–101010.1007/s10853-011-5880-2 ↗
22. Q. Luo, M. Kitchen, V. Patel, and S. Magowan, Carbon Partitioning and Structure Evolution in the Hardening Treatments of High Strength Steel, The 20th Congress of International Federation for Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering, 2012, p 111–117
23. G.V. Kurdjumov, Martensitic Crystal-Lattice, Mechanism of Austenite-Martensite Transformation and Behaviour of Carbon-Atoms in Martensite, Metall. Trans., 1976, 7A, p 999–1011
24. L. Dabrowski, J. Suwalski, B. Sidshimov, and V. Christov, Investigations of Ordering Dynamics in Carbon Martensite, Acta Metall. Mater., 1994, 42, p 2375–238010.1016/0956-7151(94)90315-8 ↗
25. A. Udyansky, A.J. von Pezold, V.N. Bugaev, M. Friak, and J. Neugebauer, Interplay Between Long-Range Elastic and Short-Range Chemical Interactions in Fe-C Martensite Formation, Phys. Rev. B, 2009, 79, p 22411210.1103/PhysRevB.79.224112 ↗
26. S. Matas and R.F. Hehemann, Retained Austenite and the Tempering of Martensite, Nature, 1960, 187, p 685–68610.1038/187685a0 ↗
27. M. Sarikaya, G. Thomas, J.W. Steeds, S.J. Barnard, and G.D.W. Smith, Solute Element Partitioning and Austenite Stabilization in Steels, Proceedings of an International Conference on Solid to Solid Phase Transformations, H.I. Aaronson, Ed., TMS, Warrendale, 1982, p 1421–142510.2172/7031961 ↗
28. D.F. Lahrman, R.D. Field, R. Darolia, and H.L. Fraser, Investigation of Techniques for Measuring Lattice Mismatch in a Rhenium Containing Nickel Base Superalloy, Acta Mater., 1988, 36, p 1309–132010.1016/0001-6160(88)90283-0 ↗
29. S. Tian, M. Wang, H. Yu, X. Yu, T. Li, and B. Qian, Influence of Element Re on Lattice Misfits and Stress Rupture Properties of Single Crystal Nickel-Based Superalloys, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2010, 527, p 4458–446510.1016/j.msea.2010.03.107 ↗
30. Q. Luo, K. Chi, S. Li, and P. Barnard, Microstructural Stability and Lattice Misfit Characterisations of Nimonic 263, Proceedings of the ASME 2012 Pressure Vessels & Piping Division Conference (PVP2012), 2012, Vol. 6, Pts A & B, p 197–20610.1115/PVP2012-78725 ↗
31. A. Stormvinter, G. Miyamoto, T. Furuhara, P. Hedstrom, and A. Borgenstam, Effect of Carbon Content on Variant Pairing of Martensite in Fe-C Alloys, Acta Mater., 2012, 60, p 7265–727410.1016/j.actamat.2012.09.046 ↗
32. S. Morito, K. Oh-Ishi, K. Hono, and T. Ohba, Carbon Enrichment in Retained Austenite Films in Low Carbon Lath Martensite Steel, ISIJ Int., 2011, 51, p 1200–120210.2355/isijinternational.51.1200 ↗
33. Q. Luo, M. Kitchen, V. Patel, M. Filleul, and D. Owens, Partial-Isothermally-Treated Low Alloy Ultrahigh Strength Steel with Martensitic/Bainitic Microstructure, Proceedings HSLA Steels 2015, Microalloying 2015 & Offshore Engineering Steels 2015, The Chinese Society for Metals and Chinese Academy of Engineering, November 11-13, 2015, Hangzhou, China, TMS 2016, p 433–43810.1007/978-3-319-48767-0_50 ↗
34. H. Kitahara, R. Ueji, N. Tsuji, and Y. Minamino, Crystallographic Features of Lath Martensite in Low-Carbon Steel, Acta Mater., 2006, 54, p 1279–128810.1016/j.actamat.2005.11.001 ↗
35. H. Beladi, Y. Adachi, I. Timokhina, and P.D. Hodgson, Crystallographic Analysis of Nanobainitic Steels, Acta Mater., 2009, 60, p 455–458
36. V.G. Gavriljuk, B.D. Shanina, and H. Berns, On the Correlation Between Electron Structure and Short Range Atomic Order in Iron-Based Alloys, Acta Mater., 2000, 48, p 3879–389310.1016/S1359-6454(00)00192-0 ↗