journal article·2021-07Open access

Small Punch Testing to Estimate the Tensile and Fracture Properties of Additively Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V

Enrico Lucon, Jake T. Benzing, Nicholas Derimow, Nik Hrabe

Abstract

Small punch (SP) testing is a methodology that uses tiny disks (generally 8 mm in diameter and 0.5 mm thick) to estimate mechanical properties of metallic materials, such as tensile properties, fracture toughness, and ductile-to-brittle transition temperature. Empirical correlations are typically used to infer conventional mechanical properties from characteristic forces and displacements obtained from the test record. The majority of the available literature relates to SP testing of steels, while relatively little is available for other metallic materials. At NIST in Boulder, Colorado, we conducted SP tests on additively manufactured (AM) Ti-6Al-4V with different processing parameters and heat treatment conditions. Force/punch displacement curves appeared different than those typically reported for conventionally manufactured steels, and correlations with tensile and fracture parameters were generally weaker than those published for steel samples. It appears that the application of the SP technique (characterized by a biaxial loading mode) to materials with high anisotropy such as AM materials may be somewhat problematic and therefore of limited applicability.
Source: europepmc · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes · High Temperature Alloys and Creep · Nuclear Materials and Properties

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (41)

Show source-provided references
1. E. Lucon, Testing of Small-Sized Specimens, Comprehensive Materials Processing, C. J. Van Tyne, ed., 2014, Elsevier Ltd., Vol. 1, p 135–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-096532-1.00110-210.1016/B978-0-08-096532-1.00110-2 ↗
2. O. K. Harling, M. Lee, D.-S. Sohn, G. Kohse, and C.W. Lau, The MIT Miniaturised Disc Bend Test, The Use of Small-Scale Specimens for Testing Irradiated Material, ASTM STP 888, W. R. Corwin and G. E. Lucas, eds., 1986, ASTM, Philadelphia, PA, p 50–6510.1520/STP32994S ↗
3. M. P. Manahan, A. E. Browning, A. S. Argon, and O. K. Harling, Miniaturised Disc Bend Test Technique Development and Application, The Use of Small-Scale Specimens for Testing Irradiated Material, ASTM STP 888, W. R. Corwin and G. E. Lucas, eds., 1986, ASTM, Philadelphia, PA, p 17–4910.1520/STP32993S ↗
4. G.L. Hankin, M.B. Toloczko, M.L. Hamilton, F.A. Garner and R.G. Faulkner, Validation of the Shear Punch–Tensile Correlation Technique Using Irradiated Materials, J. Nucl. Mater., 1998, 258–263, p 1651–1656. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3115(98)00203-710.1016/S0022-3115(98)00203-7 ↗
5. V. Bicego, E. Lucon, and C. Sampietri, The ‘Small Punch’ Technique for Evaluating Quasi Non-Destructively the Mechanical Properties of Steels, Fracture from Defects, ECF 12: Proceedings of the Twelfth European Conference on Fracture, M. W. Brown, E. R. de los Rios, K. J. Miller, eds., 1998, EMAS Publishing, London, Vol. 1, p 1273–1278
6. Standard Test Method for Small Punch Testing of Metallic Materials, E3205-20, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 03.01, ASTM International, 2020
7. I. Gibson, D. Rosen and B. Stucker, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, Springer, New York, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2113-310.1007/978-1-4939-2113-3 ↗
8. M. Gorelik, Additive Manufacturing in the Context of Structural Integrity, Int. J. Fatigue, 2017, 94, p 168–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2016.07.00510.1016/j.ijfatigue.2016.07.005 ↗
9. N. Hrabe, N. Barbosa, S.R. Daniewicz, and N. Shamsaei, Findings from the NIST/ASTM Workshop on Mechanical Behavior of Additive Manufacturing Components, NIST Technical Note 1936, Boulder, CO, 2016. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.193610.6028/NIST.TN.1936 ↗
10. X. Tan, K. Yihong, J.Y. Tan, M. Descoins, D. Mangelinck, S.B. Tor, K.F. Leong and C.K. Chua, Graded Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Additive Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V Via Electron Beam Melting, Acta Mater., 2015, 97, p 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2015.06.03610.1016/j.actamat.2015.06.036 ↗
11. X. Zhao, S. Li, M. Zhang, Y. Liu, T.B. Sercombe, S. Wang, Y. Hao, R. Yang and L.E. Murr, Comparison of the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Ti-6Al-4V Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting and Electron Beam Melting, Mater. Des., 2016, 95, p 21–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.12.13510.1016/j.matdes.2015.12.135 ↗
12. V. Tuninetti, Mechanical Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V Titanium Alloy, Editorial Académica Española, 2018
13. Standard Specification for Additive Manufacturing Titanium-6 Aluminum-4 Vanadium with Powder Bed Fusion, F2924-14, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 10.04, ASTM International, 2020
14. J. Benzing, N. Hrabe, T. Quinn, R. White, R. Rentz and M. Ahlfors, Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) to Achieve Isotropic Microstructure and Retain as-Built Strength in an Additive Manufacturing Titanium Alloy (Ti-6Al-4V), Mater. Lett., 2019, 257, p 126690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2019.12669010.1016/j.matlet.2019.126690 ↗
15. N. Hrabe, R. White and E. Lucon, Effects of Internal Porosity and Crystallographic Texture on Charpy Absorbed Energy of Electron Beam Melting Titanium Alloy (Ti-6Al-4V), Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2019, 742, p 269–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.11.00510.1016/j.msea.2018.11.005 ↗
16. N. Hrabe, T. Gnäupel-Herold and T. Quinn, Fatigue Properties of a Titanium Alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) Fabricated Via Electron Beam Melting (EBM): Effects of Internal Defects and Residual Stress, Int. J. Fatigue, 2017, 94, p 200–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2016.04.02210.1016/j.ijfatigue.2016.04.022 ↗
17. R. Lancaster, G. Davies, H. Illsley, S. Jeffs and G. Baxter, Structural Integrity of an Electron Beam Melted Titanium, Materials, 2016, 9, p 470. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma906047010.3390/ma9060470 ↗
18. H. Illsley, R. Lancaster, R. Hurst, S. Jeffs and G. Baxter, Mechanical Property Characterisation of Electron Beam Melted (EBM) via Small Punch Tensile Testing, Key Eng. Mater., 2017, 734, p 51–60.10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.734.51 ↗
19. Y. Ruan, P. Spätig and M. Victoria, Assessment of Mechanical Properties of the Martensitic Steel EUROFER97 by Means of Punch Tests, J. Nucl. Mat., 2002, 307–311, p 236–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3115(02)01194-710.1016/S0022-3115(02)01194-7 ↗
20. K. Matocha, Determination of actual tensile and fracture characteristics of critical components of industrial plants under long term operation by SPT, in ASME 2012 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference, PVP2012, Toronto, Canada, July 15-19, 2012, ASME Paper No. PVP2012-78553. https://doi.org/10.1115/PVP2012-7855310.1115/PVP2012-78553 ↗
21. T.E. García, C. Rodríguez, F.J. Belzunce and C. Suárez, Estimation of the Mechanical Properties of Metallic Materials by Means of the Small Punch Test, J. Alloys Compd., 2014, 582, p 708–717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.08.00910.1016/j.jallcom.2013.08.009 ↗
22. K. Matocha, Small-Punch Testing for Tensile and Fracture Behavior: Experiences and Way Forward, Small Specimen Test Techniques: 6th Volume, ASTM STP 1576, M.A. Sokolov and E. Lucon, eds., ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2015, p 145–159. https://doi.org/10.1520/STP15762014000510.1520/STP157620140005 ↗
23. M. Bruchhausen, S. Holmström, I. Simonovski, T. Austin, J.-M. Lapetite, J.-M. Ripplinger and de F. Haan, , Recent Developments in Small Punch Testing: Tensile Properties and DBTT, Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech., 2016, 86, p 2–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2016.09.01210.1016/j.tafmec.2016.09.012 ↗
24. E. Altstadt, H.E. Ge, V. Kuksenko, M. Serrano, M. Houska, M. Lasan, M. Bruchhausen, M. Lapetite and Y. Dai, Critical Evaluation of the Small Punch Test as a Screening Procedure for Mechanical Properties, J. Nucl. Mater., 2016, 472, p 186–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2015.07.02910.1016/j.jnucmat.2015.07.029 ↗
25. A. Janča, J. Siegl and P. Haušild, Small Punch Test Evaluation Methods for Material Characterization, J. Nucl. Mater., 2016, 481, p 201–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2016.09.01510.1016/j.jnucmat.2016.09.015 ↗
26. J.C. Chica, P.M.B. Díez, and M.P. Calzada, Development of an improved correlation method for the yield strength of steel alloys in the small punch test, in 5th International Small Sample Test Techniques Conference, SSTT2018, Swansea University, UK, July 10-12, 2018, Ubiquity Proceedings, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5334/uproc.1210.5334/uproc.12 ↗
27. K. Kumar, A. Pooleery, K. Madhusoodanan, R.N. Singh, J.K. Chakravartty, R.S. Shriwastaw, B.K. Dutta and R.K. Sinha, Evaluation of Ultimate Tensile Strength Using Miniature Disk Bend Test, J. Nucl. Mater., 2015, 461, p 100–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2015.02.02910.1016/j.jnucmat.2015.02.029 ↗
28. E. Altstadt, M. Houska, I. Simonovski, M. Bruchhausen, S. Holmström and R. Lacalle, On the Estimation of Ultimate Tensile Stress from Small Punch Testing, Int. J. Mech. Sci., 2018, 136, p 85–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2017.12.01610.1016/j.ijmecsci.2017.12.016 ↗
29. E. Fleury and J.S. Ha, On the Estimation of Ultimate Tensile Stress from Small Punch Testing, Int. J. Pressure Vessel Piping, 1998, 75, p 699–706.10.1016/S0308-0161(98)00074-X ↗
30. C. Rodriguez, J.G. Cabezas, E. Cardenas, F.J. Belzunce and C. Betegon, Mechanical Properties Characterization of Heat-Affected Zone Using the Small Punch Test, Weld. Res., 2009, 88, p 188–192.
31. S. Yang, X. Ling and D. Peng, Elastic and Plastic Deformation Behavior Analysis in Small Punch Test for Mechanical Properties Evaluation, J. Central South Univ., 2018, 25(4), p 747–753. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-018-3779-710.1007/s11771-018-3779-7 ↗
32. J.R. Foulds, and C.W. Jewett, Miniature Specimen Test Technique for Estimating Toughness, Report GS-7526, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, 1991
33. J.R. Foulds, M. Wu, S. Srivastav, and C.W. Jewett, Fracture and Tensile Properties of ASTM Cross-Comparison Exercise A533B Steel by Small Punch Testing, Small Specimen Test Techniques, ASTM STP 1329, W.R. Corwin, S.T. Rosinski, and E. Van Walle, eds., ASTM, Philadelphia, PA, 1997, p 557–57410.1520/STP38012S ↗
34. Small Punch Test Method for Metallic Materials, CEN Workshop Agreement, CWA 15627:2007, European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium, 2007
35. Z.-X. Wang, H.-J. Shi, J. Lu, P. Shi and X.-F. Ma, Small Punch Testing for Assessing the Fracture Properties of the Reactor Vessel Steel with Different Thicknesses, Nucl. Eng. Des., 2008, 238, p 3186–3193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2008.07.01310.1016/j.nucengdes.2008.07.013 ↗
36. R.C. Hurst and K. Matocha, A Renaissance in the Use of the Small Punch Testing Technique, Transactions, SMiRT-23, Manchester, UK, August 10–14, 2015, Division II, 2015 https://doi.org/10.1115/PVP2015-4509510.1115/PVP2015-45095 ↗
37. E. Lucon, J. Benzing and N. Hrabe, “Room Temperature Fracture Toughness Characterization of Additively Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V”, NIST Technical Note 2065, Boulder, Colorado, 2019 https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.206510.6028/NIST.TN.2065 ↗
38. E. Lucon, J. Benzing and N. Hrabe, Effect of Precrack Configuration and Lack-of-Fusion on the Elastic-Plastic Fracture Toughness of Additively Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V parts, Mater. Perform. Charact., 2020, 9(5), p 701–713. https://doi.org/10.1520/MPC2019015510.1520/MPC20190155 ↗
39. X. Mao, M. Saito and H. Takahashi, Small Punch Test to Predict Ductile Fracture Toughness JIC and Brittle Fracture Toughness KIC, Scr. Metall. Mater., 1991, 25(11), p 2481–2485. https://doi.org/10.1016/0956-716X(91)90053-410.1016/0956-716X(91)90053-4 ↗
40. E. Altstadt, M. Houska and A. Das, Effect of Anisotropic Microstructure of ODS Steels on Small Punch Test Results, Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech., 2019, 100, p 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2019.01.01410.1016/j.tafmec.2019.01.014 ↗
41. N. Leclerc, A. Khosravani, S. Hashemi, D.B. Miracle and S.R. Kalidindi, Correlation of Measured Load-Displacement Curves in Small Punch Tests with Tensile Stress-Strain Curves, Acta Mat., 2021, 204, p 116501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2020.11650110.1016/j.actamat.2020.116501 ↗