DataVXJournal of Materials Engineering and PerformancePaper
journal article·2021-06Open access

Effect of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes on Improvement of Fracture Toughness of Spark-Plasma-Sintered Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Nanocomposites

T. Arunkumar, G. Anand, Ram Subbiah, R. Karthikeyan, Jaya Jeevahan

Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance· Volume 30· Issue 6
Publisher pageOpen full text
Source abstract

Abstract

Abstract Highly dense yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) nano-ceramics reinforced with TC-CVD-synthesized multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were fabricated using spark plasma sintering at a temperature of 1350°C, the heating rate of 100 °C/min and pressure of 50MPa with a dwell time of 10 minutes. The identical parameters were utilized for fabricating composites with a varying weight ratio of YSZ and MWNCTs. The samples were characterized for their phase transformation, microstructure and elemental composition using x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The physical and mechanical properties such as density, porosity, hardness, fracture toughness and wear were also investigated. The increase in the MWCNTs concentration has resulted in the deterioration of the hardness due to CNT agglomerations. The wear resistance of the composites revealed MWNCTs enhanced wear resistance of YSZ nanocomposite by undergoing MWNCTs pull-out and crack branching mechanisms. Further indentation method and single-beam V-notch beam (SEVNB) methods were utilized to study the effect of MWCNTs on the fracture toughness of the nanocomposites. The fracture toughness of YC1 (6.58 ± 0.3 MPa m1/2) was 21% higher than the YSZ (5.21 ± 0.2 MPa m1/2) due to the toughening mechanisms attributable to crack deflection, branching and bridging of MWCNTs.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

Ceramics & glassesNanomaterialsComposites

OpenAlex topics: Advanced ceramic materials synthesis · Advanced materials and composites · Orthopaedic implants and arthroplasty

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (57)

Show source-provided references
1. M. Kaur and K. Singh, Review on Titanium and Titanium Based Alloys as Biomaterials for Orthopaedic Applications, Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 2019, 102, p 844–862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.04.06410.1016/j.msec.2019.04.064 ↗
2. M. Kovochich, B.L. Finley, R. Novick, A.D. Monnot, E. Donovan, K.M. Unice et al., Understanding Outcomes and Toxicological Aspects of Second Generation Metal-on-Metal Hip Implants: A State-of-the-Art Review, Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 2018, 48(10), p 839–887. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408444.2018.156304810.1080/10408444.2018.1563048 ↗
3. E. Mohamed, M. Taheri, M. Mehrjoo, M. Mazaheri, A.M. Zahedi, M.A. Shokrgozar et al., In Vitro Biocompatibility and Ageing of 3Y-TZP/CNTs Composites, Ceram. Int., 2015, 41(10), p 12773–12781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.06.11210.1016/j.ceramint.2015.06.112 ↗
4. N. Saito, Y. Usui, K. Aoki, N. Narita, M. Shimizu, K. Hara et al., Carbon Nanotubes: Biomaterial Applications, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2009, 38(7), p 1897. https://doi.org/10.1039/b804822n10.1039/b804822n ↗
5. L.P. Zanello, B. Zhao, H. Hu and R.C. Haddon, Bone Cell Proliferation on Carbon Nanotubes, Nano Lett., 2006, 6(3), p 562–567. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl051861e10.1021/nl051861e ↗
6. M. Taheri, M. Mazaheri, F. Golestani-fard, H. Rezaie and R. Schaller, High/Room Temperature Mechanical Properties of 3Y-TZP/CNTs Composites, Ceram. Int., 2014, 40(2), p 3347–3352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.09.09810.1016/j.ceramint.2013.09.098 ↗
7. S.J. Teh and C.W. Lai, Carbon Nanotubes for Dental Implants, Appl. Nanocompos. Mater. Dent., 2019 https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-813742-0.00005-510.1016/b978-0-12-813742-0.00005-5 ↗
8. J.G. Thakare, C. Pandey, M.M. Mahapatra and R.S. Mulik, Thermal Barrier Coatings—A State of the Art Review, Met. Mater. Int., 2020 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-020-00705-w10.1007/s12540-020-00705-w ↗
9. J.G. Thakare, R.S. Mulik, M.M. Mahapatra and R. Upadhyaya, Hot Corrosion Behavior of Plasma Sprayed 8YSZ-Alumina-CNT Composite Coating in Na2SO4–60% V2O5 Molten Salt Environment, Ceram. Int., 2018, 44(17), p 21533–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.08.21710.1016/j.ceramint.2018.08.217 ↗
10. S. Kanwal, J.G. Thakare, C. Pandey, I. Singh and M.M. Mahapatra, Characterization of Slurry-Based Mullite Coating Deposited on P91 Steel Welds, J. Aust. Ceram. Soc., 2018, 55(2), p 519–528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41779-018-0258-410.1007/s41779-018-0258-4 ↗
11. J.G. Thakare, R.S. Mulik and M.M. Mahapatra, Effect of Carbon Nanotubes and Aluminum Oxide on the Properties of a Plasma Sprayed Thermal Barrier Coating, Ceram. Int., 2018, 44(1), p 438–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.09.19610.1016/j.ceramint.2017.09.196 ↗
12. R. Osman and M. Swain, A Critical Review of Dental Implant Materials with an Emphasis on Titanium versus Zirconia, Materials, 2015, 8(3), p 932–958. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma803093210.3390/ma8030932 ↗
13. N. Garmendia, S. Grandjean, J. Chevalier, L.A. Diaz, R. Torrecillas and I. Obieta, Zirconia–Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes Dense Nano-Composites with an Unusual Balance Between Crack and Ageing Resistance, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 2011, 31(6), p 1009–1014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2010.12.02910.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2010.12.029 ↗
14. M. Mazaheri, D. Mari, R. Schaller, G. Bonnefont and G. Fantozzi, Processing of Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Reinforced with Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes with Attractive Mechanical Properties, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 2011, 31(14), p 2691–2698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2010.11.00910.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2010.11.009 ↗
15. C. Piconi, W. Burger, H.G. Richter, A. Cittadini, G. Maccauro, V. Covacci et al., Y-TZP Ceramics for Artificial Joint Replacements, Biomaterials, 1998, 19(16), p 1489–1494. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0142-9612(98)00064-710.1016/s0142-9612(98)00064-7 ↗
16. J. Chevalier, What Future for Zirconia as a Biomaterial?, Biomaterials, 2006, 27(4), p 535–543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.07.03410.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.07.034 ↗
17. A. Samodurova, A. Kocjan, M.V. Swain and T. Kosmač, The Combined Effect of Alumina and Silica Co-Doping on the Ageing Resistance of 3Y-TZP Bioceramics, Acta Biomater., 2015, 11, p 477–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2014.09.00910.1016/j.actbio.2014.09.009 ↗
18. S. Kun Lee, R. Tandon, M.J. Readey and B.R. Lawn, Scratch Damage in Zirconia Ceramics, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 2004, 83(6), p 1428–1432. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2000.tb01406.x10.1111/j.1151-2916.2000.tb01406.x ↗
19. M. Mazaheri, D. Mari, Z.R. Hesabi, R. Schaller and G. Fantozzi, Multi-walled Carbon Nanotube/Nanostructured Zirconia Composites: Outstanding Mechanical Properties in a Wide Range of Temperature, Compos. Sci. Technol., 2011, 71(7), p 939–945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2011.01.01710.1016/j.compscitech.2011.01.017 ↗
20. A. Duszová, J. Dusza, K. Tomášek, G. Blugan and J. Kuebler, Microstructure and Properties of Carbon Nanotube/Zirconia Composite, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 2008, 28(5), p 1023–1027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2007.09.01110.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2007.09.011 ↗
21. S. Iijima, Carbon Nanotubes: Past, Present, and Future, Physica B, 2002, 323(1–4), p 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4526(02)00869-410.1016/s0921-4526(02)00869-4 ↗
22. M. Shahedi Asl, I. Farahbakhsh and B. Nayebi, Characteristics of Multi-walled Carbon Nanotube Toughened ZrB2–SiC Ceramic Composite Prepared by Hot Pressing, Ceram. Int., 2016, 42(1), p 1950–1958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.09.16510.1016/j.ceramint.2015.09.165 ↗
23. W. Chen, J. Lin, Y. Yang and H. Zhang, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TiB2-CNTs Composites Prepared by Spark Plasma Sintering, Sci. Adv. Mater., 2018, 10(12), p 1782–1787. https://doi.org/10.1166/sam.2018.339210.1166/sam.2018.3392 ↗
24. O. Popov, J. Vleugels, A. Huseynov and V. Vishnyakov, Reactive Sintering of TiB2-SiC-CNT Ceramics, Ceram. Int., 2019, 45(17), p 22769–22774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.07.31710.1016/j.ceramint.2019.07.317 ↗
25. S.A. Delbari, B. Nayebi, E. Ghasali, M. Shokouhimehr and A.M. Shahedi, Spark Plasma Sintering of TiN Ceramics Codoped with SiC and CNT, Ceram. Int., 2019, 45(3), p 3207–3216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.10.22310.1016/j.ceramint.2018.10.223 ↗
26. J. Sun, L. Gao, M. Iwasa, T. Nakayama and K. Niihara, Failure Investigation of Carbon Nanotube/3Y-TZP Nanocomposites, Ceram. Int., 2005, 31(8), p 1131–1134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2004.11.01010.1016/j.ceramint.2004.11.010 ↗
27. N. Garmendia, I. Santacruz, R. Moreno and I. Obieta, Zirconia-MWCNT Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications Obtained by Colloidal Processing, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 2010, 21(5), p 1445–1451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-010-4023-710.1007/s10856-010-4023-7 ↗
28. A. Kasperski, A. Weibel, D. Alkattan, C. Estournès, V. Turq, C. Laurent et al., Microhardness and Friction Coefficient of Multi-walled Carbon Nanotube-Yttria-Stabilized ZrO2 Composites Prepared by Spark Plasma Sintering, Scr. Mater., 2013, 69(4), p 338–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2013.05.01510.1016/j.scriptamat.2013.05.015 ↗
29. L. Melk, J.J. Roa Rovira, M.-L. Antti and M. Anglada, Coefficient of Friction and Wear Resistance of Zirconia–MWCNTs Composites, Ceram. Int., 2015, 41(1), p 459–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.08.09210.1016/j.ceramint.2014.08.092 ↗
30. Q. Fu, L. Zhuang, Q. Ren, L. Feng, H. Li and Y. Guo, Carbon Nanotube-Toughened Interlocking Buffer Layer to Improve the Adhesion Strength and Thermal Shock Resistance of SiC Coating for C/C–ZrC–SiC Composites, J. Materiomics, 2015, 1(3), p 245–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmat.2015.07.00610.1016/j.jmat.2015.07.006 ↗
31. P. Zhao, Q. Li, R. Yi, Z. Wang, L. Lu, X. Cheng et al., Fabrication and Microstructure of Liquid Sintered Porous SiC Ceramics Through Spark Plasma Sintering, J. Alloys Compd., 2018, 748, p 36–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.03.12210.1016/j.jallcom.2018.03.122 ↗
32. N. Saheb and U. Hayat, Electrical Conductivity and Thermal Properties of Spark Plasma Sintered Al2O3-SiC-CNT Hybrid Nanocomposites, Ceram. Int., 2017, 43(7), p 5715–5722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.01.11210.1016/j.ceramint.2017.01.112 ↗
33. S. Dolati, A. Azarniya, A. Azarniya, H. Eslami-shahed, H.R.M. Hosseini and A. Simchi, Toughening Mechanisms of SiC-Bonded CNT Bulk Nanocomposites Prepared by Spark Plasma Sintering, Int. J. Refract Metal Hard Mater., 2018, 71, p 61–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2017.10.02410.1016/j.ijrmhm.2017.10.024 ↗
34. T. Arunkumar, R. Karthikeyan, R. Ram Subramani, K. Viswanathan and M. Anish, Synthesis and Characterisation of Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT), Int. J. Ambient Energy, 2018 https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2018.147265710.1080/01430750.2018.1472657 ↗
35. P. Coquay, E. De Grave, A. Peigney, R.E. Vandenberghe and C. Laurent, Carbon Nanotubes by a CVD Method. Part I: Synthesis and Characterization of the (Mg, Fe)O Catalysts, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2002, 106(51), p 13186–98. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp026631s10.1021/jp026631s ↗
36. T. Arunkumar, R. Karthikeyan, R.R. Subramani, M. Anish, J. Theerthagiri, R. Boddula et al., Effect of MWCNTs on Improvement of Fracture Toughness of Spark Plasma Sintered SiC Nano-Composites, Curr. Anal. Chem., 2020 https://doi.org/10.2174/157341101666620010212012110.2174/1573411016666200102120121 ↗
37. T. Arunkumar and S. Ramachandran, Investigation of Morphological and Mechanical Features of Polyurea, Appl. Mech. Mater., 2015, 766–767, p 606–611. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.766-767.60610.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.766-767.606 ↗
38. T. Arunkumar and S. Ramachandran, Surface Coating and Characterisation of Polyurea for Liquid Storage, Int. J. Ambient Energy, 2016, 38(8), p 781–787. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2016.122296610.1080/01430750.2016.1222966 ↗
39. T. Arunkumar, S. Sunitha, J. Theerthagiri, J. Jeevagan, M. Anish and T. Tatarchuk, Effect of Polyurea Coating on Corrosion Resistance Over Mild Steel and Aluminium Substrates for Liquid Storage Applications, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 2018, 670(1), p 60–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/15421406.2018.154206510.1080/15421406.2018.1542065 ↗
40. A. Nisar, S. Ariharan and K. Balani, Establishing Microstructure-Mechanical Property Correlation in ZrB2-Based Ultra-High Temperature Ceramic Composites, Ceram. Int., 2017, 43(16), p 13483–13492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.07.05310.1016/j.ceramint.2017.07.053 ↗
41. K. Strecker, S. Ribeiro and M.-J. Hoffmann, Fracture Toughness Measurements of LPS-SiC: A Comparison of the Indentation Technique and the SEVNB Method, Mater. Res., 2005, 8(2), p 121–124. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1516-1439200500020000410.1590/s1516-14392005000200004 ↗
42. P. Arivalagan, G. Chandramohan, A. Kumar and N. Palaniappan, Studies on Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of Hybrid Composites, Front. Automob. Mech. Eng., 2010 https://doi.org/10.1109/fame.2010.571479610.1109/fame.2010.5714796 ↗
43. T. Arunkumar, C. Jebasingh, P. Venkatachalam, J.B. Sajin and M. Anish, Abrasive Wear Behaviour of Plasma Sprayed Al2O3/TiO2 Coatings. Regular Issue, BEIESP, 2019, 9(2), p 5020–3. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.b7604.12921910.35940/ijitee.b7604.129219 ↗
44. R. Hassan, A. Nisar, S. Ariharan, F. Alam, A. Kumar and K. Balani, Multi-functionality of Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced 3 mol% Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Structural Biocomposites, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2017, 704, p 329–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.08.03910.1016/j.msea.2017.08.039 ↗
45. A. Nisar, S. Ariharan, T. Venkateswaran, N. Sreenivas and K. Balani, Oxidation Studies on TaC Based Ultra-High Temperature Ceramic Composites Under Plasma Arc Jet Exposure, Corros. Sci., 2016, 109, p 50–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2016.03.01310.1016/j.corsci.2016.03.013 ↗
46. N. Djourelov, Y. Aman, D. Sillou and P. Nédélec, Pore Closure in Spark Plasma Sintered Alumina Studied by Variable Energy Positrons, Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys., 2012, 57(2), p 20402. https://doi.org/10.1051/epjap/201211008310.1051/epjap/2012110083 ↗
47. A. Datye, K.-H. Wu, G. Gomes, V. Monroy, H.-T. Lin, J. Vleugels et al., Synthesis, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (3YTZP)—Multi-Walled Nanotube (MWNTs) Nanocomposite by Direct in-Situ Growth of MWNTs on Zirconia Particles, Compos. Sci. Technol., 2010, 70(14), p 2086–2092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2010.08.00510.1016/j.compscitech.2010.08.005 ↗
48. S. Vasanthavel and S. Kannan, Structural Investigations on the Tetragonal to Cubic Phase Transformations in Zirconia Induced by Progressive Yttrium Additions, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 2018, 112, p 100–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2017.09.01010.1016/j.jpcs.2017.09.010 ↗
49. J.P. Zhou, Q.M. Gong, K.Y. Yuan, J.J. Wu, Y. Fang Chen, C.S. Li et al., The Effects of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes on the Hot-Pressed 3mol% Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Ceramics, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2009, 520(1–2), p 153–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2009.05.01410.1016/j.msea.2009.05.014 ↗
50. J.G. Thakare, C. Pandey, R.S. Mulik and M.M. Mahapatra, Mechanical Property Evaluation of Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Plasma Sprayed YSZ-Alumina Composite Coating, Ceram. Int., 2018, 44(6), p 6980–6989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.01.13110.1016/j.ceramint.2018.01.131 ↗
51. N. Garmendia, I. Santacruz, R. Moreno and I. Obieta, Slip Casting of Nanozirconia/MWCNT Composites Using a Heterocoagulation Process, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 2009, 29(10), p 1939–1945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2008.12.01410.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2008.12.014 ↗
52. X. Wang, N.P. Padture and H. Tanaka, Contact-Damage-Resistant Ceramic/Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes and Ceramic/Graphite Composites, Nat. Mater., 2004, 3(8), p 539–544. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat116110.1038/nmat1161 ↗
53. N.P. Padture, Multifunctional Composites of Ceramics and Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Adv. Mater., 2009, 21(17), p 1767–1770. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20080227010.1002/adma.200802270 ↗
54. S. Zhu, W.G. Fahrenholtz, G.E. Hilmas, S.C. Zhang, E.J. Yadlowsky and M.D. Keitz, Microwave Sintering of a ZrB2–B4C Particulate Ceramic Composite, Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manuf., 2008, 39(3), p 449–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2008.01.00310.1016/j.compositesa.2008.01.003 ↗
55. M.S. Asl, M.G. Kakroudi and S. Noori, Hardness and Toughness of Hot Pressed ZrB2–SiC Composites Consolidated Under Relatively Low Pressure, J. Alloys Compd., 2015, 619, p 481–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.09.00610.1016/j.jallcom.2014.09.006 ↗
56. S.I. Cha, K.T. Kim, K.H. Lee, C.B. Mo and S.H. Hong, Strengthening and Toughening of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Alumina Nanocomposite Fabricated by Molecular Level Mixing Process, Scr. Mater., 2005, 53(7), p 793–797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2005.06.01110.1016/j.scriptamat.2005.06.011 ↗
57. N. Saini, C. Pandey, S. Thapliyal and D.K. Dwivedi, Mechanical Properties and Wear Behavior of Zn and MoS2 Reinforced Surface Composite Al- Si Alloys Using Friction Stir Processing, Silicon, 2018, 10(5), p 1979–1990. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-017-9710-210.1007/s12633-017-9710-2 ↗