Effect of Build Orientation of Electron Beam Melting on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti-6Al-4V
Source abstract
Abstract
Build orientation influences thermal activity during the EBM process, thus affecting the resultant bulk material properties of the part being produced. This work focuses on EBM build orientation with respect to the X, Y and Z axes and its effect on microstructure and mechanical performance of Ti-6Al-4V parts. A series of EBM Ti-6Al-4V specimens were fabricated using an Arcam S12 setup in different build orientations: XY, ZX, ZY, XY 30° and XY 60° inclination to the start plate. Using conventionally wrought Ti-6Al-4V as a benchmark, EBM specimens were tensile and impact tested. Furthermore, microhardness measurements, optical and electron microscopy were used for characterization. Horizontally oriented EBM Ti-6Al-4V parts develop finer lamellar microstructures as a result of higher cooling rates, however exhibiting comparable strength and rather lower ductility and toughness when compared to vertically oriented parts. Solidification defects, resulting from inconsistencies in melting due to high cooling rates but also related to specimen geometry, have countered the influence of a finer microstructure. This study has also shown that EBM parts develop columnar prior-β grains which follow build direction. Benchmark wrought Ti-6Al-4V specimens show higher tensile properties while offering increased resistance to crack nucleation due to their homogeneous equiaxed microstructure.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes · Titanium Alloys Microstructure and Properties · Advanced materials and composites
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (25)
Show source-provided references
1. A. Machado and J. Wallbank, Machining of Titanium and its Alloys—A Review, Arch. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. B J. Eng. Manuf. 1989-1996 (vols 203-210), 1990, 204(12), p 53–60
2. C. Veiga, J. Davim, and A. Loureiro, Properties and Applications of Titanium Alloys: A Review, Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci., 2012, 32(2), p 133–148
3. C. Leyens, M. Peters, J. Hemptenmcaher, and J. Kumpfert, Structure and Properties of Titanium and Titanium Alloys in Titanium and Titanium Alloys, Wiley, Weinheim, 2003, p 1–35
4. Y. Liu, S. Li, H. Wang, W. Hou, Y. Hao, R. Yang, T. Sercombe, and L. Zhang, Microstructure, Defects and Mechanical Behavior of β-type Titanium Porous Structures Manufactured by Electron Beam Melting and Selective Laser Melting, Acta Mater., 2016, 113, p 56–6710.1016/j.actamat.2016.04.029 ↗
5. S. Biamino, A. Penna, U. Ackelid, S. Sabbadini, O. Tassa, P. Fino, M. Pavese, P. Gennaro, and C. Badini, Electron Beam Melting of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb Alloy: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties Investigation, Intermetallics, 2011, 19(6), p 776–78110.1016/j.intermet.2010.11.017 ↗
6. L. Loeber, S. Biamino, U. Ackelid, S. Sabbadini, P. Epicoco, P. Fino and J. Eckert, ‘Comparison of Selective Laser and Electron Beam Melted Titanium Aluminides’, in Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium (2011)
7. B. Vrancken, L. Thijs, J. Kruth, and J. Van Humbeeck, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Novel β Titanium Metallic Composite by Selective Laser Melting, Acta Mater., 2014, 68, p 150–15810.1016/j.actamat.2014.01.018 ↗
8. D. Abdeen and B. Palmer, Corrosion Evaluation of Ti-6Al-4V Parts Produced with Electron Beam Melting Machine, Rapid Prototyp. J., 2016, 22(2), p 322–32910.1108/RPJ-09-2014-0104 ↗
9. N. Dai, L.C. Zhang, J. Zhang, Q. Chen, and M. Wu, Corrosion Behaviour of Selective Laser Melted Ti-6Al-4V Alloy in NaCl Solution, Corros. Sci., 2016, 102, p 484–48910.1016/j.corsci.2015.10.041 ↗
10. N. Dai, L. Zhang, J. Zhang, X. Zhang, Q. Ni, Y. Chen, M. Wu, and C. Yang, Distinction in Corrosion Resistance of Selective Laser Melted Ti-6Al-4V Alloy on Different Planes, Corros. Sci., 2016, 111, p 703–71010.1016/j.corsci.2016.06.009 ↗
11. A. Safdar, L. Wei, A. Snis, and Z. Lai, Evaluation of Microstructural Development in Electron Beam Melted Ti-6Al-4V, Mater. Charact., 2012, 65, p 8–1510.1016/j.matchar.2011.12.008 ↗
12. L. Edwards and M. Endean, Manufacturing with Materials, Open University, Materials Department, Milton Keynes, 1990
13. S. Al-Bermani, M. Blackmore, W. Zhang, and I. Todd, The Origin of Microstructural Diversity, Texture, and Mechanical Properties in Electron Beam Melted Ti-6Al-4V, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2010, 41(13), p 3422–343410.1007/s11661-010-0397-x ↗
14. A. Antonysamy, J. Meyer, and P. Prangnell, Effect of Build Geometry on the β-Grain Structure and Texture in Additive Manufacture of Ti6Al4 V by Selective Electron Beam Melting, Mater. Charact., 2013, 84, p 153–16810.1016/j.matchar.2013.07.012 ↗
15. F. Gil Mur, D. Rodríguez, and J. Planell, Influence of Tempering Temperature and Time on the α′-Ti-6Al-4V Martensite, J. Alloys Compd., 1996, 234(2), p 287–28910.1016/0925-8388(95)02057-8 ↗
16. N. Hrabe and T. Quinn, Effects of Processing on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Titanium Alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) Fabricated Using Electron Beam Melting (EBM), Part 2: Energy Input, Orientation, and Location, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2013, 573, p 271–27710.1016/j.msea.2013.02.065 ↗
17. H.K. Rafi, N.V. Karthik, T.L. Starr, and B.E. Stucker (2012), Mechanical Property Evaluation of Ti-6Al-4V Parts Made Using Electron Beam Melting. in Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium Proceedings, Texas, August 6-8, pp. 526–535 (2012)
18. L. Murr, E. Esquivel, S. Quinones, S. Gaytan, M. Lopez, E. Martinez, F. Medina, D. Hernandez, E. Martinez, J. Martinez, S. Stafford, D. Brown, T. Hoppe, W. Meyers, U. Lindhe, and R. Wicker, Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Electron Beam-Rapid Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V Biomedical Prototypes Compared to Wrought Ti-6Al-4V, Mater. Charact., 2009, 60(2), p 96–10510.1016/j.matchar.2008.07.006 ↗
19. G. Lütjering and J.C. Williams, Fundamental Aspects and α + β Alloys in Titanium, Springer, Berlin, 2007
20. C. Camilleri, Analysis of the Accuracy of Electron Beam Melting (EBM) Process (Undergraduate Dissertation, Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Malta 2014)
21. V. Juechter, T. Scharowsky, R. Singer, and C. Körner, Processing Window and Evaporation Phenomena for Ti-6Al-4V Produced by Selective Electron Beam Melting, Acta Mater., 2014, 76, p 252–25810.1016/j.actamat.2014.05.037 ↗
22. B. Carroll, T. Palmer, and A. Beese, Anisotropic Tensile Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V Components Fabricated with Directed Energy Deposition Additive Manufacturing, Acta Mater., 2015, 87, p 309–32010.1016/j.actamat.2014.12.054 ↗
23. J. Gockel and J. Beuth, Understanding Ti-6Al-4V Microstructure Control in Additive Manufacturing via Process Maps. in Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium Proceedings, pp. 666–674 (2013)
24. F. Bridier, P. Villechaise, and J. Mendez, Analysis of the Different Slip Systems Activated by Tension in a α/β Titanium Alloy in Relation with Local Crystallographic Orientation, Acta Mater., 2005, 53(3), p 555–56710.1016/j.actamat.2004.09.040 ↗
25. A. Bowen, The Influence of Crystallographic Orientation on the Fracture Toughness of Strongly Textured Ti-6Al-4V, Acta Metall., 1978, 26(9), p 1423–143310.1016/0001-6160(78)90157-8 ↗