On the Heat Treatment of Selective-Laser-Melted 316L
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract The effect of heat treatment at various temperatures (650, 850, 1050, and 1100°C) and dwell times (10 min and 1 h) on the metallurgical and microstructural evolution as well as on the related tensile properties of stainless steel 316L processed by selective laser melting (SLM) has been systematically evaluated. The metallurgical and microstructural features such as defects, stability of the columnar–cellular structure and substructure, second phase particles, and phase transformation imparted by SLM and heat treatment have been discussed. It has been shown that the processing conditions specific to SLM significantly alter the kinetics of phase evolution compared to standard welding techniques which affects the accuracy of the prediction. The influence of these characteristics on tensile properties and hardness was elucidated. It was disclosed that with increasing heat treatment temperature there was a gradual increase in elongation but a decrease in strength related to the dislocation density and the development of the microstructure.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes · Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses · High Entropy Alloys Studies
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (34)
Show source-provided references
1. L. Liu, Q. Ding, Y. Zhong, J. Zou, J. Wu, Y.-L. Chiu, J. Li, Z. Zhang, Q. Yu, and Z. Shen, Dislocation Network in Additive Manufactured Steel Breaks Strength–Ductility Trade-Off, Mater. Today, 2018, 21(4), p 354–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2017.11.00410.1016/j.mattod.2017.11.004 ↗
2. D. Wang, C. Song, Y. Yang, and Y. Bai, Investigation of Crystal Growth Mechanism During Selective Laser Melting and Mechanical Property Characterization of 316L Stainless Steel Parts, Mater. Des., 2016, 100, p 291–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.03.11110.1016/j.matdes.2016.03.111 ↗
3. Y.M. Wang, T. Voisin, J.T. McKeown, J. Ye, N.P. Calta, Z. Li, Z. Zeng, Y. Zhang, W. Chen, T.T. Roehling, R.T. Ott, M.K. Santala, P.J. Depond, M.J. Matthews, A.V. Hamza, and T. Zhu, Additively Manufactured Hierarchical Stainless Steels with High Strength and Ductility, Nat. Mater., 2018, 17, p 63–71.10.1038/nmat5021 ↗
4. W.S. Shin, B. Son, W. Song, H. Sohn, H. Jang, Y.-J. Kim, and C. Park, Heat Treatment Effect on the Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Wear Behaviors of Stainless Steel 316L Prepared via Selective Laser Melting, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2021 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.14080510.1016/j.msea.2021.140805 ↗
5. J. Kluczyński, L. Snie˙zek, K. Grzelak, A. Ozi˛ebło, K. Perkowski, J. Torzewski, I. Szachogłuchowicz, K. Gocman, M. Wachowski, and B. Kania, Comparison of Different Heat Treatment Processes of Selective Laser Melted 316L Steel Based on Analysis of Mechanical Properties. Materials, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13173805.10.3390/ma13173805 ↗
6. K. Saeidi, M. Neikter, J. Olsen, Z.J. Shen, and F. Akhtar, 316L Stainless Steel Designed to Withstand Intermediate Temperature, Mater. Des., 2017, 135, p 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.08.07210.1016/j.matdes.2017.08.072 ↗
7. L. Cui, S. Jiang, J. Xu, R.L. Peng, R.T. Mousavian, and J. Moverare, Revealing Relationships Between Microstructure and Hardening Nature of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel, Mater. Des., 2021 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.10938510.1016/j.matdes.2020.109385 ↗
8. M. S. I. N. Kamariah, W. S. W. Harun, N. Z. Khalil, F. Ahmad, M. H. Ismail, and S. Sharif, Effect of Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Selective Laser Melting 316L Stainless Steel. In: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, (2017), vol. 257, no. 1. doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/257/1/012021.10.1088/1757-899X/257/1/012021 ↗
9. O.O. Salman, C. Gammer, A.K. Chaubey, J. Eckert, and S. Scudino, Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 316L Steel Synthesized by Selective Laser Melting, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2019, 748, p 205–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.01.11010.1016/j.msea.2019.01.110 ↗
10. K. Saeidi, X. Gao, F. Lofaj, L. Kvetková, and Z.J. Shen, Transformation of Austenite to Duplex Austenite-Ferrite Assembly in Annealed Stainless Steel 316L Consolidated by Laser Melting, J. Alloy. Compd., 2015, 633, p 463–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.01.24910.1016/j.jallcom.2015.01.249 ↗
11. E. Tascioglu, Y. Karabulut, and Y. Kaynak, Influence of Heat Treatment Temperature on the Microstructural, Mechanical, and Wear Behavior of 316L Stainless Steel Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Additive Manufacturing, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2020, 107(5–6), p 1947–1956. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-04972-010.1007/s00170-020-04972-0 ↗
12. S. Leuders, T. Lieneke, S. Lammers, T. Tröster, and T. Niendorf, On the Fatigue Properties of Metals Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting - The Role of Ductility, J. Mater. Res., 2014, 29(17), p 1911–1919. https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2014.15710.1557/jmr.2014.157 ↗
13. B. Blinn, M. Klein, C. Gläßner, M. Smaga, J.C. Aurich, and T. Beck, An Investigation of the Microstructure and Fatigue Behavior of Additively Manufactured AISI 316L Stainless Steel with Regard to the Influence of Heat Treatment, Metals, 2018 https://doi.org/10.3390/met804022010.3390/met8040220 ↗
14. O. Fergani, A.B. Wold, F. Berto, V. Brotan, and M. Bambach, Study of the Effect of Heat Treatment on Fatigue Crack Growth Behaviour of 316L Stainless Steel Produced by Selective Laser Melting, Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct., 2018, 41(5), p 1102–1119. https://doi.org/10.1111/ffe.1275510.1111/ffe.12755 ↗
15. K. Wang, Q. Chao, M. Annasamy, P.D. Hodgson, S. Thomas, N. Birbilis, and D. Fabijanic, On the Pitting Behaviour of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Prepared 316L Stainless Steel Upon Post-processing Heat Treatments, Corros. Sci., 2022 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2021.11006010.1016/j.corsci.2021.110060 ↗
16. D. Kong, C. Dong, X. Ni, L. Zhang, J. Yao, C. Man, X. Cheng, K. Xiao, and X. Li, Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behavior of Selective Laser Melted 316L Stainless Steel After Different Heat Treatment Processes, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2019, 35(7), p 1499–1507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2019.03.00310.1016/j.jmst.2019.03.003 ↗
17. M. L. Montero Sistiaga, S. Nardone, C. Hautfenne, and A. van Humbeeck, Effect of Heat Treatment of 316L Stainless Steel Produced by Selective Laser Melting (SLM). In: Proceedings of the 27th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium - An Additive Manufacturing Conference, pp. 558–565, (2016)
18. S. Waqar, J. Liu, Q. Sun, K. Guo, and J. Sun, Effect of Post-heat Treatment Cooling on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Selective Laser Melting Manufactured Austenitic 316L Stainless Steel, Rapid Prototyp. J., 2020, 26(10), p 1739–1749.10.1108/RPJ-12-2019-0320 ↗
19. T. Ronneberg, C.M. Davies, and P.A. Hooper, Revealing Relationships Between Porosity, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Laser Powder Bed Fusion 316L Stainless Steel Through Heat Treatment, Mater. Des., 2020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.10848110.1016/j.matdes.2020.108481 ↗
20. Q. Chao, S. Thomas, N. Birbilis, P. Cizek, P.D. Hodgson, and D. Fabijanic, The Effect of Post-processing Heat Treatment on the Microstructure, Residual Stress and Mechanical Properties of Selective Laser Melted 316L Stainless Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2021 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.14161110.1016/j.msea.2021.141611 ↗
21. H.D. Carlton, A. Haboub, G.F. Gallegos, D.Y. Parkinson, and A.A. MacDowell, Damage Evolution and Failure Mechanisms in Additively Manufactured Stainless Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2016, 651, p 406–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.10.07310.1016/j.msea.2015.10.073 ↗
22. N. Chen, G. Ma, W. Zhu, A. Godfrey, Z. Shen, G. Wu, and X. Huang, Enhancement of an Additive-Manufactured Austenitic Stainless Steel by Post-Manufacture Heat-Treatment, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2019, 759, p 65–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.04.11110.1016/j.msea.2019.04.111 ↗
23. T. Kurzynowski, K. Gruber, W. Stopyra, B. Kuźnicka, and E. Chlebus, Correlation Between Process Parameters, Microstructure and Properties of 316 L Stainless Steel Processed by Selective Laser Melting, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2018, 718, p 64–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.01.10310.1016/j.msea.2018.01.103 ↗
24. DIN 50125:2016–12. Testing of metallic materials –Tensile test pieces, 2016.
25. “Metallic materials - Tensile testing - Part 1: Method of Test at Room Temperature (ISO 6892–1:2019); German version EN ISO 6892–1:2019.”
26. K. Saeidi, X. Gao, Y. Zhong, and Z.J. Shen, Hardened Austenite Steel with Columnar Sub-grain Structure Formed by Laser Melting, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2015, 625, p 221–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.12.01810.1016/j.msea.2014.12.018 ↗
27. F. Yan, W. Xiong, E. Faierson, and G.B. Olson, Characterization of Nano-scale Oxides in Austenitic Stainless Steel Processed by Powder Bed Fusion, Scripta Mater., 2018, 155, p 104–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.06.01110.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.06.011 ↗
28. J. C. Lippold, and D. J. Kotecki, Welding Metallurgy and Weldability of Stainless Steels. 5th ed. John Willey & Sons, USA (2005), 376 pages. ISBN: 978–0–471–47379–4.
29. Y. Zhong, L. Liu, S. Wikman, D. Cui, and Z. Shen, Intragranular Cellular Segregation Network Structure Strengthening 316L Stainless Steel Prepared by Selective Laser Melting, J. Nucl. Mater., 2016, 470, p 170–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2015.12.03410.1016/j.jnucmat.2015.12.034 ↗
30. “Welding consumables - Predicted and Measured FN in Specifications-A position Statement of the Experts of IIW Commission IX,” 2003.
31. P.S. Korinko, and S.H. Malene, Considerations for the Weldability of Types 304L and 316L Stainless Steels, Practical Failure Analysis and Prevention, 2001, 1(4), p 41–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0271533610.1007/BF02715336 ↗
32. D. Kong, C. Dong, S. Wei, X. Ni, L. Zhang, R. Li, L. Wang, C. Man, and X. Li, About Metastable Cellular Structure in Additively Manufactured Austenitic Stainless Steels, Addit. Manuf., 2021, 38, 101804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.10180410.1016/j.addma.2020.101804 ↗
33. Y. Jin, M. Bernacki, G.S. Rohrer, A.D. Rollett, B. Lin, and N. Bozzolo, Formation of Annealing Twins During Recrystallization and Grain Growth in 304L Austenitic Stainless Steel, Mater. Sci. Forum, 2013, 753, p 113–116. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.753.11310.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.753.113 ↗
34. D. Kong, X. Ni, C. Dong, L. Zhang, C. Man, J. Yao, K. Xiao, and X. Li, Heat Treatment Effect on the Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of 316L Stainless Steel Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells, Electrochim. Acta, 2018, 276, p 293–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2018.04.18810.1016/j.electacta.2018.04.188 ↗