journal article·2021-07

An Experimental Study on Mechanical, Thermal and Flame-Retardant Properties of 3D-Printed Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites

Ashish R. Prajapati, Harshit K. Dave, Harit K. Raval

Publisher page

Abstract

Usage of 3D printing is escalating in many industries due to its ability to manufacture complex geometries. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is one of the most common 3D printing processes, and currently, several modifications have been applied to the FDM process where it can manufacture fiber-reinforced polymer composites (FRPC). FRPC made by FDM has attracted particular attention due to its improved properties by introducing fiber reinforcements into the polymer matrix. However, the detailed study of different thermal and mechanical properties of this 3D-printed FRPC is still limited. The present investigation aims to analyze the mechanical, thermal and flame-retardant properties of FRPC manufactured by the FDM process. Polymer composite filament (a mixture of nylon polymer and short carbon fibers) is used as a matrix, while fiberglass and high strength high temperature fiberglass are used as a fiber reinforcement. MarkTwo® 3D-printer from Markforged has been used to 3D print the FRPC parts. The change in different mechanical properties, viz. tensile and impact of polymer composite matrix by adding different fibers, is studied. In addition to that, thermogravimetric analysis, x-ray diffraction and flammability test are also carried out to analyze the thermal properties of composites.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies · Photopolymerization techniques and applications · Innovations in Concrete and Construction Materials

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (43)

Show source-provided references
1. S.F. Kabir, K. Mathur, and A.F.M. Seyam, A Critical Review on 3D Printed Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Composites: History, Mechanism, Materials and Properties, Compos. Struct., 2020, 232, p 111476.10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111476 ↗
2. B. Brenken, E. Barocio, A. Favaloro, V. Kunc, and R.B. Pipes, Fused Filament Fabrication of Fiber-Reinforced Polymers: A Review, Addit. Manuf., 2018, 21, p 1–16.
3. S.H.R. Sanei and D. Popescu, 3D-Printed Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites: A Systematic Review, J. Compos. Sci., 2020, 4(3), p 98.10.3390/jcs4030098 ↗
4. N. Van de Werken, H. Tekinalp, P. Khanbolouki, S. Ozcan, A. Williams, and M. Tehrani, Additively Manufactured Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Composites: State of the Art and Perspective, Addit. Manuf., 2020, 31, p 100962.
5. G.D. Goh, V. Dikshit, A.P. Nagalingam, G.L. Goh, S. Agarwala, S.L. Sing, J. Wei, and W.Y. Yeong, Characterization of Mechanical Properties and Fracture Mode of Additively Manufactured Carbon Fiber and Glass Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics, Mater. Des., 2018, 137, p 79–89.10.1016/j.matdes.2017.10.021 ↗
6. S.H. Sanei, A. Arndt, and R. Doles, Open Hole Tensile Testing of 3D Printed Continuous Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composites, J. Compos. Mater., 2020, 54(20), p 2687–2695.10.1177/0021998320902510 ↗
7. Z. Weng, J. Wang, T. Senthil, and L. Wu, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of ABS/Montmorillonite Nanocomposites for Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printing, Mater. Des., 2016, 102, p 276–283.10.1016/j.matdes.2016.04.045 ↗
8. G. Liao, Z. Li, Y. Cheng, D. Xu, D. Zhu, S. Jiang, J. Guo, X. Chen, G. Xu, and Y. Zhu, Properties of Oriented Carbon Fiber/Polyamide 12 Composite Parts Fabricated by Fused Deposition Modeling, Mater. Des., 2018, 139, p 283–292.10.1016/j.matdes.2017.11.027 ↗
9. K. Chen, M. Jia, H. Sun, and P. Xue, Thermoplastic Reaction Injection Pultrusion for Continuous Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polyamide-6 Composites, Materials, 2019, 12(3), p 463.10.3390/ma12030463 ↗
10. G. Fredi, A. Dorigato, and A. Pegoretti, Multifunctional Glass Fiber/Polyamide Composites with Thermal Energy Storage/Release Capability, Express Polym. Lett., 2018, 12(4), p 349–364.10.3144/expresspolymlett.2018.30 ↗
11. A. Hassan, N.M. Salleh, R. Yahya, and M.R. Sheikh, Fiber Length, Thermal, Mechanical, and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Injection-Molded Glass-Fiber/Polyamide 6, 6: Plasticization Effect, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 2011, 30(6), p 488–498.10.1177/0731684410397898 ↗
12. J.W. Cho and D.R. Paul, Nylon 6 Nanocomposites by Melt Compounding, Polymer, 2001, 42(3), p 1083–1094.10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00380-3 ↗
13. W. Guo, L. Jiajia, Z. Ping, S. Lei, W. Xin, and H. Yuan, Multi-functional Hydroxyapatite/Polyvinyl Alcohol Composite Aerogels with Self-cleaning, Superior Fire Resistance and Low Thermal Conductivity, Compos. Sci. Technol., 2018, 158, p 128–136.10.1016/j.compscitech.2018.01.020 ↗
14. L.L. Wei, D.Y. Wang, H.B. Chen, L. Chen, X.L. Wang, and Y.Z. Wang, Effect of a Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardant on the Thermal Properties and Ease of Ignition of Poly (Lactic Acid), Polym. Degrad. Stab., 2011, 96(9), p 1557–1561.10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.05.018 ↗
15. F. Liao, J. Yaqing, D. Xiu, C. Yu, L. Jiawei, and W. Xinlong, A Novel Efficient Polymeric Flame Retardant for Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA): Synthesis and Its Effects on Flame Retardancy and Crystallization of PLA, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 2015, 120, p 251–261.10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.07.012 ↗
16. G. Tang, X. Huang, H. Ding, X. Wang, S. Jiang, K. Zhou, B. Wang, W. Yang, and Y. Hu, Combustion Properties and Thermal Degradation Behaviors of Biobased Polylactide Composites Filled with Calcium Hypophosphite, RSC Adv., 2014, 4(18), p 8985–8993.10.1039/c3ra44537b ↗
17. J.H. Koo, S. Lao, W. Ho, K. Ngyuen, J. Cheng, L. Pilato, and M. Ervin, Polyamide Nanocomposites for Selective Laser Sintering, in International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, August, (Austin). 2006, p 392–409
18. M.A. Caminero, J.M. Chacón, I. García-Moreno, and G.P. Rodríguez, Impact Damage Resistance of 3D Printed Continuous Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites Using Fused Deposition Modelling, Compos. B. Eng., 2018, 148, p 93–103.10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.04.054 ↗
19. D.R. Hetrick, S.H.R. Sanei, O. Ashour, and C.E. Bakis, Charpy Impact Energy Absorption of 3D Printed Continuous Kevlar Reinforced Composites, J. Compos. Mater., 2021. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998320985596.10.1177/0021998320985596 ↗
20. A.N. Dickson, J.N. Barry, K.A. McDonnell, and D.P. Dowling, Fabrication of Continuous Carbon, Glass and Kevlar Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites Using Additive Manufacturing, Addit. Manuf., 2017, 16, p 146–152.
21. G. Dong, Y. Tang, D. Li, and Y.F. Zhao, Mechanical Properties of Continuous Kevlar Fiber Reinforced Composites Fabricated by Fused Deposition Modeling Process, Procedia Manuf., 2018, 26, p 774–781.10.1016/j.promfg.2018.07.090 ↗
22. F. Van Der Klift, Y. Koga, A. Todoroki, M. Ueda, Y. Hirano, and R. Matsuzaki, 3D printing of Continuous Carbon Fibre Reinforced Thermo-plastic (CFRTP) Tensile Test Specimens, Open J. Compos. Mater, 2016, 6(1), p 18–27.10.4236/ojcm.2016.61003 ↗
23. O.A. González-Estrada, A. Pertuz and J.E. Quiroga Mendez, Evaluation of Tensile Properties and Damage of Continuous Fibre Reinforced 3D-Printed Parts, Key Eng. Mater., 2018, 774, p 161–166.10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.774.161 ↗
24. A. Imeri, I. Fidan, M. Allen, and G. Perry, Effect of Fiber Orientation in Fatigue Properties of FRAM Components, Procedia Manuf., 2018, 26, p 892–899.10.1016/j.promfg.2018.07.115 ↗
25. H.A.L. Abadi, H.T. Thai, V. Paton-Cole, and V.I. Patel, Elastic Properties of 3D Printed Fibre-Reinforced Structures, Compos. Struct., 2018, 193, p 8–18.10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.03.051 ↗
26. L.G. Blok, M.L. Longana, H. Yu, and B.K. Woods, An Investigation into 3D Printing of Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites, Addit. Manuf., 2018, 22, p 176–186.
27. J. Justo, L. Távara, L. García-Guzmán, and F. París, Characterization of 3D Printed Long Fibre Reinforced Composites, Compos. Struct., 2018, 185, p 537–548.10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.11.052 ↗
28. H. Mei, Z. Ali, Y. Yan, I. Ali, and L. Cheng, Influence of Mixed Isotropic Fiber Angles and Hot Press on the Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Composites, Addit. Manuf., 2019, 27, p 150–158.
29. G.W. Melenka, B.K. Cheung, J.S. Schofield, M.R. Dawson, and J.P. Carey, Evaluation and Prediction of the Tensile Properties Of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced 3D Printed Structures, Compos. Struct., 2016, 153, p 866–875.10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.07.018 ↗
30. X. Tian, T. Liu, C. Yang, Q. Wang, and D. Li, Interface and Performance of 3D Printed Continuous Carbon Fiber Reinforced PLA Composites, Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf., 2016, 88, p 198–205.10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.05.032 ↗
31. M. Mohammadizadeh, A. Imeri, I. Fidan, and M. Elkelany, 3D Printed Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites-Structural Analysis, Compos. B Eng., 2019, 175, p 107112.10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107112 ↗
32. D.R. Hetrick, S.H.R. Sanei, C.E. Bakis, and O. Ashour, Evaluating the Effect of Variable Fiber Content on Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured Continuous Carbon Fiber Composites, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 2020. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684420963217.10.1177/0731684420963217 ↗
33. K. Sugiyama, R. Matsuzaki, A.V. Malakhov, A.N. Polilov, M. Ueda, A. Todoroki, and Y. Hirano, 3D Printing of Optimized Composites with Variable Fiber Volume Fraction and Stiffness Using Continuous Fiber, Compos. Sci. Technol., 2020, 186, p 107905.10.1016/j.compscitech.2019.107905 ↗
34. F. Ning, W. Cong, J. Qiu, J. Wei, and S. Wang, Additive Manufacturing of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites Using Fused Deposition Modeling, Compos. B Eng., 2015, 80, p 369–378.10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.06.013 ↗
35. R.T.L. Ferreira, I.C. Amatte, T.A. Dutra, and D. Bürger, Experimental Characterization and Micrography of 3D Printed PLA and PLA Reinforced with Short Carbon Fibers, Compos. B Eng., 2017, 124, p 88–100.10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.05.013 ↗
36. M.L. Shofner, K. Lozano, F.J. Rodríguez-Macías, and E.V. Barrera, Nanofiber-Reinforced Polymers Prepared by Fused Deposition Modeling, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2003, 89(11), p 3081–3090.10.1002/app.12496 ↗
37. A.R.T. Perez, D.A. Roberson, and R.B. Wicker, Fracture Surface Analysis of 3D-Printed Tensile Specimens of Novel ABS-Based Materials, J. Fail. Anal. Prev., 2014, 14(3), p 343–353.10.1007/s11668-014-9803-9 ↗
38. H.L. Tekinalp, V. Kunc, G.M. Velez-Garcia, C.E. Duty, L.J. Love, A.K. Naskar, C.A. Blue, and S. Ozcan, Highly Oriented Carbon Fiber–Polymer Composites Via Additive Manufacturing, Compos. Sci. Technol., 2014, 105, p 144–150.10.1016/j.compscitech.2014.10.009 ↗
39. M. Mehrabanian and M. Nasr-Esfahani, HA/nylon 6, 6 Porous Scaffolds Fabricated by Salt-Leaching/Solvent Casting Technique: Effect of Nano-sized Filler Content on Scaffold Properties, Int. J. Nanomed., 2011, 6, p 1651–1659.
40. F. Kayaci, C. Ozgit-Akgun, I. Donmez, N. Biyikli, and T. Uyar, Polymer–Inorganic Core–Shell Nanofibers by Electrospinning and Atomic Layer Deposition: Flexible Nylon–ZnO Core–Shell Nanofiber Mats and Their Photocatalytic Activity, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2012, 4(11), p 6185–6194.10.1021/am3017976 ↗
41. H.K. Dave, A.R. Prajapati, S.R. Rajpurohit, N.H. Patadiya, and H.K. Raval, Open Hole Tensile Testing of 3D Printed Parts Using In-House Fabricated PLA Filament, Rapid Prototyp. J., 2020, 6(1), p 21–31.10.1108/RPJ-01-2019-0003 ↗
42. H. Mei, Z. Ali, I. Ali, and L. Cheng, Tailoring Strength and Modulus by 3D Printing Different Continuous Fibers and Filled Structures into Composites, Adv. Compos. Hybrid Mater., 2019, 2(2), p 312–319.10.1007/s42114-019-00087-7 ↗
43. J. Naranjo-Lozada, H. Ahuett-Garza, P. Orta-Castañón, W.M. Verbeeten, and D. Sáiz-González, Tensile Properties and Failure Behavior of Chopped and Continuous Carbon Fiber Composites Produced by Additive Manufacturing, Addit. Manuf., 2019, 26, p 227–241.