Significance of Martensite Reversion and Austenite Stability to the Mechanical Properties and Transformation-Induced Plasticity Effect of Austenitic Stainless Steels
Source abstract
Abstract
The phenomena occurring during continuous heating of cold-rolled AISI 304L and AISI 316L stainless steels from room temperature up to 1150 °C were studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), hardness measurement, and tensile testing were used for characterization. The XRD analysis revealed that the AISI 304L stainless steel was more susceptible to the strain-induced martensitic transformation during cold rolling, and the martensite reversion kinetics during annealing was faster in this stainless steel. The latter was related to the effect of molybdenum in AISI 316L stainless steel, and it was rationalized based on the concept of continuous heating reversion temperature. Due to the presence of the retained austenite in AISI 316L stainless steel, the strength fell more slowly during continuous heating and the equiaxed microstructure was obtained at higher temperatures after recrystallization of the retained austenite. The latter resulted in the micron-size grain sizes in the AISI 316L stainless steel while ultrafine-grained (UFG) microstructure was obtained for the AISI 304L stainless steel as revealed by SEM images. In general, higher ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and total elongation values were observed for the AISI 304L stainless steel. These were related to factors other than the grain size strengthening (as presented by the Hall–Petch law), where the transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect was found to be a major parameter affecting the tensile strength and ductility of AISI 304L stainless steel and this effect became more pronounced at coarser grain sizes. However, the TRIP effect was marginal in the case of AISI 316L stainless steel. This revealed the importance of the stability of the austenite phase in determining the mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steels.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Steels · Metal and Thin Film Mechanics · Metallurgy and Material Forming
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (71)
Show source-provided references
1. K.H. Lo, C.H. Shek, and J.K.L. Lai, Recent Developments in Stainless Steels, Mater. Sci. Eng. R, 2009, 65, p 39–10410.1016/j.mser.2009.03.001 ↗
2. R. Ramesh, I. Dinaharan, R. Kumar, and E.T. Akinlabi, Microstructure and Mechanical Characterization of Friction-Stir-Welded 316L Austenitic Stainless Steels, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2019, 28(1), p 498–51110.1007/s11665-018-3802-z ↗
3. M.A. Meyers, P.Y. Chen, A.Y.M. Lin, and Y. Seki, Biological Materials: Structure and Mechanical Properties, Prog. Mater Sci., 2008, 53, p 1–20610.1016/j.pmatsci.2007.05.002 ↗
4. M.V. Karavaeva, M.M. Abramova, N.A. Enikeev, G.I. Raab, and R.Z. Valiev, Superior Strength of Austenitic Steel Produced by Combined Processing, Including Equal-Channel Angular Pressing and Rolling, Metals, 2016, 6, p 31010.3390/met6120310 ↗
5. T. Sakai, A. Belyakov, R. Kaibyshev, H. Miura, and J.J. Jonas, Dynamic and Post-dynamic Recrystallization Under Hot, Cold and Severe Plastic Deformation Conditions, Prog. Mater. Sci., 2014, 60, p 130–20710.1016/j.pmatsci.2013.09.002 ↗
6. S. Sabooni, F. Karimzadeh, M.H. Enayati, and A.H.W. Ngan, Friction-Stir Welding of Ultrafine Grained Austenitic 304L stainless Steel Produced by Martensitic Thermomechanical Processing, Mater. Des., 2015, 76, p 130–14010.1016/j.matdes.2015.03.052 ↗
7. H. Mirzadeh, J.M. Cabrera, A. Najafizadeh, and P.R. Calvillo, EBSD Study of a Hot Deformed Austenitic Stainless Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2012, 538, p 236–24510.1016/j.msea.2012.01.037 ↗
8. S. Mandal, A.K. Bhaduri, and V.S. Sarma, A Study on Microstructural Evolution and Dynamic Recrystallization during Isothermal Deformation of a Ti-Modified Austenitic Stainless Steel, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2011, 42, p 1062–107210.1007/s11661-010-0517-7 ↗
9. G.S. Sun, L.X. Du, J. Hu, and R.D.K. Misra, Microstructural Evolution and Recrystallization Behavior of Cold Rolled Austenitic Stainless Steel with Dual Phase Microstructure during Isothermal Annealing, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2018, 709, p 254–26410.1016/j.msea.2017.10.054 ↗
10. M.B.R. Silva, J. Gallego, J.M. Cabrera, O. Balancin, and A.M. Jorge, Jr., Interaction Between Recrystallization and Strain-Induced Precipitation in a High Nb-and N-Bearing Austenitic Stainless Steel: Influence of the Interpass Time, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2015, 637, p 189–20010.1016/j.msea.2015.04.049 ↗
11. P. Mallick, N.K. Tewary, S.K. Ghosh, and P.P. Chattopadhyay, Effect of TMCP on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 304 Stainless Steel, Steel Res. Int., 2018, 89, p 180010310.1002/srin.201800103 ↗
12. K. Tomimura, S. Takaki, S. Tanimoto, and Y. Tokunaga, Optimal Chemical Composition in Fe-Cr-Ni Alloys for Ultra Grain Refining by Reversion from Deformation Induced Martensite, ISIJ Int., 1991, 31, p 721–72710.2355/isijinternational.31.721 ↗
13. A. Järvenpää, M. Jaskari, A. Kisko, and P. Karjalainen, Processing and Properties of Reversion-Treated Austenitic Stainless Steels, Metals, 2020, 10, p 28110.3390/met10020281 ↗
14. A. Kisko, R.D.K. Misra, J. Talonen, and L.P. Karjalainen, The Influence of Grain Size on the Strain-Induced Martensite Formation in Tensile Straining of an Austenitic 15Cr-9Mn-Ni-Cu Stainless Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2013, 578, p 408–41610.1016/j.msea.2013.04.107 ↗
15. B. Ravi Kumar and S. Sharma, Recrystallization behavior of a heavily deformed austenitic stainless steel during iterative type annealing, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2014, 45, p 6027–603810.1007/s11661-014-2543-3 ↗
16. L.F.M. Martins, R.L. Plaut, and A.F. Padilha, Effect of Carbon on the Cold-worked State and Annealing Behavior of Two 18wt% Cr-8wt% Ni Austenitic Stainless Steels, ISIJ Int., 1998, 38, p 572–57910.2355/isijinternational.38.572 ↗
17. C.X. Huang, W.P. Hu, Q.Y. Wang, C. Wang, G. Yang, and Y.T. Zhu, An Ideal Ultrafine-Grained Structure for High Strength and High Ductility, Mater. Res. Lett., 2015, 3, p 88–9410.1080/21663831.2014.968680 ↗
18. J. Li, Y. Cao, B. Gao, Y. Li, and Y. Zhu, Superior Strength and Ductility of 316L Stainless Steel with Heterogeneous Lamella Structure, J. Mater. Sci., 2018, 53, p 10442–1045610.1007/s10853-018-2322-4 ↗
19. M. Shirdel, H. Mirzadeh, and M.H. Parsa, Nano/Ultrafine Grained Austenitic Stainless Steel Through the Formation and Reversion of Deformation-Induced Martensite: Mechanisms, Microstructures, Mechanical Properties, and TRIP Effect, Mater. Charact., 2015, 103, p 150–16110.1016/j.matchar.2015.03.031 ↗
20. J. Li, B. Gao, Z. Huang, H. Zhou, Q. Mao, and Y. Li, Design for Strength-Ductility Synergy of 316L Stainless Steel with Heterogeneous Lamella Structure Through Medium Cold Rolling and Annealing, Vacuum, 2018, 157, p 128–13510.1016/j.vacuum.2018.08.049 ↗
21. A. Di Schino, I. Salvatori, and J.M. Kenny, Effects of Martensite Formation and Austenite Reversion on Grain Refining of AISI, 304 Stainless Steel, J. Mater. Sci., 2002, 37, p 4561–456510.1023/A:1020631912685 ↗
22. S. Wang, J. Li, Y. Cao, B. Gao, Q. Mao, and Y. Li, Thermal Stability and Tensile Property of 316L Stainless Steel with Heterogeneous Lamella Structure, Vacuum, 2018, 152, p 261–26410.1016/j.vacuum.2018.03.040 ↗
23. S. Kheiri, H. Mirzadeh, and M. Naghizadeh, Tailoring the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AISI, 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel Via Cold Rolling and Reversion Annealing, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2019, 759, p 90–9610.1016/j.msea.2019.05.028 ↗
24. K. Nohara, Y. Ono, and N. Ohashi, Composition and Grain Size Dependencies of Strain-Induced Martensitic Transformation in Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steels, Tetsu-to-Hagané, 1977, 63, p 772–78210.2355/tetsutohagane1955.63.5_772 ↗
25. V. Shrinivas, S.K. Varma, and L. Murr, Deformation-Induced Martensitic Characteristics in 304 and 316 Stainless Steels during Room-Temperature Rolling, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 1995, 26, p 661–67110.1007/BF02663916 ↗
26. S.K. Varma, J. Kalyanam, L.E. Murk, and V. Srinivas, Effect of Grain Size on Deformation-Induced Martensite Formation in 304 and 316 Stainless Steels during Room Temperature Tensile Testing, J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 1994, 13, p 107–11110.1007/BF00416816 ↗
27. M. Naghizadeh and H. Mirzadeh, Effects of Grain Size on Mechanical Properties and Work-Hardening Behavior of AISI, 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel, Steel Res. Int., 2019, 90, p 190015310.1002/srin.201900153 ↗
28. T. Angel, Formation of Martensite in Austenitic Stainless Steels, J. Iron Steel Inst., 1954, 177, p 165–174
29. G.B. Olson and M. Cohen, Kinetics of Strain-Induced Martensitic Nucleation, Metall. Trans. A, 1975, 6, p 791–79510.1007/BF02672301 ↗
30. X.F. Fang and W. Dahl, Strain Hardening and Transformation Mechanism of Deformation-Induced Martensite Transformation in Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steels, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1991, 141, p 189–19810.1016/0921-5093(91)90769-J ↗
31. J. Talonen and H. Hänninen, Formation of Shear Bands and Strain-Induced Martensite during Plastic Deformation of Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steels, Acta Mater., 2007, 55, p 6108–611810.1016/j.actamat.2007.07.015 ↗
32. L.E. Murr, K.P. Staudhammer, and S.S. Hecker, Effects of Strain State and Strain Rate on Deformation-Induced Transformation in 304 Stainless Steel: Part II, Microstruct. Study Metall. Trans. A, 1982, 13, p 627–63510.1007/BF02644428 ↗
33. J. Talonen, H. Hänninen, P. Nenonen, and G. Pape, Effect of Strain Rate on the Strain-Induced γ → α′-Martensite Transformation and Mechanical Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steels, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2005, 36, p 421–43210.1007/s11661-005-0313-y ↗
34. S. Acharya, A. Moitra, S. Bysakh, M. Nanibabu, S.A. Krishanan, C.K. Mukhopadhyay, K.V. Rajkumar, G. Sasikala, A. Mukhopadhyay, D.K. Mondal, K.S. Ghosh, B.B. Jha, and K. Muraleedharan, Effect of High Strain Rate Deformation on the Properties of SS304L and SS316LN Alloys, Mech. Mater., 2019, 136, p 10307310.1016/j.mechmat.2019.103073 ↗
35. A. Das, S. Sivaprasad, M. Ghosh, P.C. Chakraborti, and S. Tarafder, Morphologies and Characteristics of Deformation Induced Martensite during Tensile Deformation of 304 LN Stainless Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2008, 486, p 283–28610.1016/j.msea.2007.09.005 ↗
36. T. Iwamoto, T. Tsuta, and Y. Tomita, Investigation on Deformation Mode Dependence of Strain-Induced Martensitic Transformation in TRIP Steels and Modelling of Transformation Kinetics, Int. J. Mech. Sci., 1998, 40, p 173–18210.1016/S0020-7403(97)00047-7 ↗
37. E.S. Perdahcıoğlu, H.J.M. Geijselaers, and J. Huetink, Influence of Stress State and Strain Path on Deformation Induced Martensitic Transformations, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2008, 481, p 727–73110.1016/j.msea.2007.02.153 ↗
38. M. Mansourinejad and M. Ketabchi, Influence of Strain State on the Kinetics of Martensitic Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) in AISI, 304 Stainless Steel, Steel Res. Int., 2018, 89, p 170035910.1002/srin.201700359 ↗
39. M. Naghizadeh and H. Mirzadeh, Microstructural Evolutions during Reversion Annealing of Cold-Rolled AISI, 316 Austenitic Stainless Steel, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2018, 49, p 2248–225610.1007/s11661-018-4583-6 ↗
40. M. Odnobokova, A. Belyakov, A. Kipelova, and R. Kaibyshev, Formation of Ultrafine-Grained Structures in 304L and 316L Stainless Steels by Recrystallization and Reverse Phase Transformation, Mater. Sci. Forum, 2016, 838–839, p 410–41510.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.838-839.410 ↗
41. K. Tomimura, S. Takaki, and Y. Tokunaga, Reversion Mechanism from Deformation Induced Martensite to Austenite in Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steels, ISIJ Int., 1991, 31, p 1431–143710.2355/isijinternational.31.1431 ↗
42. S. Takaki, K. Tomimura, and S. Ueda, Effect of Pre-cold-working on Diffusional Reversion of Deformation Induced Martensite in Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steel, ISIJ Int., 1994, 34, p 522–52710.2355/isijinternational.34.522 ↗
43. A.S. Hamada, A.P. Kisko, P. Sahu, and L.P. Karjalainen, Enhancement of Mechanical Properties of a TRIP-Aided Austenitic Stainless Steel by Controlled Reversion Annealing, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2015, 628, p 154–15910.1016/j.msea.2015.01.042 ↗
44. M. Naghizadeh and H. Mirzadeh, Microstructural Evolutions during Annealing of Plastically Deformed AISI, 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel: Martensite Reversion, Grain Refinement, Recrystallization, and Grain Growth, Metall. Mater Trans. A, 2016, 47, p 4210–421610.1007/s11661-016-3589-1 ↗
45. W.B. Qin, J.S. Li, and Y.S. Li, Effects of Grain Size on Tensile Property and Fracture Morphology of 316L Stainless Steel, Mater. Lett., 2019, 254, p 116–11910.1016/j.matlet.2019.07.058 ↗
46. W. Bleck, X. Guo, and Y. Ma, The TRIP Effect and Its Application in Cold Formable Sheet Steels, Steel Res. Int., 2017, 88, p 170021810.1002/srin.201700218 ↗
47. C. Lei, X. Deng, X. Li, Z. Wang, G. Wang, and R.D.K. Misra, Mechanical Properties and Strain Hardening Behavior of Phase Reversion-Induced Nano/Ultrafine Fe-17Cr-6Ni Austenitic Structure Steel, J. Alloys Compd., 2016, 689, p 718–72510.1016/j.jallcom.2016.08.020 ↗
48. Y. Matsuoka, T. Iwasaki, N. Nakada, T. Tsuchiyama, and S. Takaki, Effect of Grain Size on Thermal and Mechanical Stability of Austenite in Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steel, ISIJ Int., 2013, 53, p 1224–123010.2355/isijinternational.53.1224 ↗
49. G. Cios, T. Tokarski, A. Żywczak, R. Dziurka, M. Stępień, M. Marciszko, B. Pawłowski, K. Wieczerzak, and P. Bała, The Investigation of Strain-Induced Martensite Reverse Transformation in AISI, 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2017, 48, p 4999–500810.1007/s11661-017-4228-1 ↗
50. A. Weiß, H. Gutte, and P.R. Scheller, Deformation Induced Martensite Formation and Its Effect on Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP), Steel Res. Int., 2006, 77, p 727–73210.1002/srin.200606454 ↗
51. J. Talonen, Effect of Strain-Induced α’-Martensite Transformation on Mechanical Properties of Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steels, Doctoral Dissertation, Helsinki University of Technology, 2007
52. M. Tavakoli, H. Mirzadeh, and M. Zamani, Ferrite Recrystallisation and Intercritical Annealing of Cold-Rolled Low Alloy Medium Carbon Steel, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2019, 35, p 1932–194110.1080/02670836.2019.1655862 ↗
53. B. Fultz and J. Howe, Transmission Electron Microscopy and Diffractometry of Materials, 3rd ed., Springer, Berlin, 2008
54. B. Pourbahari, H. Mirzadeh, M. Emamy, and R. Roumina, Enhanced Ductility of a Fine-Grained Mg-Gd-Al-Zn Magnesium Alloy by Hot Extrusion, Adv. Eng. Mater., 2018, 20, p 170117110.1002/adem.201701171 ↗
55. S. Saadatkia, H. Mirzadeh, and J.M. Cabrera, Hot Deformation Behavior, Dynamic Recrystallization, and Physically-Based Constitutive Modeling of Plain Carbon Steels, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2015, 636, p 196–20210.1016/j.msea.2015.03.104 ↗
56. F. Najafkhani, H. Mirzadeh, and M. Zamani, Effect of Intercritical Annealing Conditions on Grain Growth Kinetics of Dual Phase Steel, Met. Mater. Int., 2019, 25, p 1039–104610.1007/s12540-019-00241-2 ↗
57. Z. Nasiri, S. Ghaemifar, M. Naghizadeh, and H. Mirzadeh, Thermal Mechanisms of Grain Refinement in Steels: A Review, Met. Mater. Int., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-020-00700-1 ((in press))10.1007/s12540-020-00700-1 ↗
58. M. Naghizadeh and H. Mirzadeh, Elucidating the Effect of Alloying Elements on the Behavior of Austenitic Stainless Steels at Elevated Temperatures, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2016, 47, p 5698–570310.1007/s11661-016-3764-4 ↗
59. M.J. Sohrabi, H. Mirzadeh, and C. Dehghanian, Thermodynamics Basis of Saturation of Martensite Content during Reversion Annealing of Cold Rolled Metastable Austenitic Steel, Vacuum, 2020, 174, p 10922010.1016/j.vacuum.2020.109220 ↗
60. M.C. Somani, P. Juntunen, L.P. Karjalainen, R.D.K. Misra, and A. Kyröläinen, Enhanced Mechanical Properties Through Reversion in Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steels, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2009, 40, p 729–74410.1007/s11661-008-9723-y ↗
61. K. Tomimura, S. Takaki, and Y. Tokunaga, Process of Reversion and Mechanical Properties in Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steels Containing Molybdenum, Tetsu-to-Hagane, 1990, 76, p 1728–173510.2355/tetsutohagane1955.76.10_1728 ↗
62. Y.C. Lin, J. Huang, D.G. He, X.Y. Zhang, Q. Wu, L.H. Wang, C. Chen, and K.C. Zhou, Phase Transformation and Dynamic Recrystallization Behaviors in a Ti55511 Titanium Alloy during Hot Compression, J. Alloys Compd., 2019, 795, p 471–48210.1016/j.jallcom.2019.04.319 ↗
63. X.M. Chen, Y.C. Lin, D.X. Wen, J.L. Zhang, and M. He, Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of a Typical Nickel-Based Superalloy during Hot Deformation, Mater. Des., 2014, 57, p 568–57710.1016/j.matdes.2013.12.072 ↗
64. Y.C. Lin, X.Y. Wu, X.M. Chen, J. Chen, D.X. Wen, J.L. Zhang, and L.T. Li, EBSD Study of a Hot Deformed Nickel-Based Superalloy, J. Alloys Compd., 2015, 640, p 101–11310.1016/j.jallcom.2015.04.008 ↗
65. M.J. Zehetbauer and Y.T. Zhu, Bulk Nanostructured Materials, Wiley, New York, 200910.1002/9783527626892 ↗
66. I. Shakhova, V. Dudko, A. Belyakov, K. Tsuzaki, and R. Kaibyshev, Effect of Large Strain Cold Rolling and Subsequent Annealing on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of an Austenitic Stainless Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2012, 545, p 176–18610.1016/j.msea.2012.02.101 ↗
67. Y.F. Shen, N. Jia, Y.D. Wang, X. Sun, L. Zuo, and D. Raabe, Suppression of Twinning and Phase Transformation in an Ultrafine Grained 2 GPa Strong Metastable Austenitic Steel: Experiment and Simulation, Acta Mater., 2015, 97, p 305–31510.1016/j.actamat.2015.06.053 ↗
68. B. Pourbahari, H. Mirzadeh, and M. Emamy, The Effects of Grain Refinement and Rare Earth Intermetallics on Mechanical Properties of As-Cast and Wrought Magnesium Alloys, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2018, 27, p 1327–133310.1007/s11665-018-3238-5 ↗
69. Y.C. Lin, D.X. Wen, M.S. Chen, Y.X. Liu, X.M. Chen, and X. Ma, Improved Dislocation Density-Based Models for Describing Hot Deformation Behaviors of a Ni-Based Superalloy, J. Mater. Res., 2016, 31, p 2415–242910.1557/jmr.2016.220 ↗
70. H. Mirzadeh and A. Najafizadeh, Correlation between Processing Parameters and Strain-Induced Martensitic Transformation in Cold Worked AISI, 301 Stainless Steel, Mater. Charact., 2008, 59, p 1650–165410.1016/j.matchar.2008.03.004 ↗
71. M.A. Meyers and K.K. Chawla, Mechanical Behavior of Materials, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009