Effect of Annealing Treatments on the Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behavior of Direct Metal Laser Sintered Ti-6Al-4V
Source abstract
Abstract
An experimental investigation on the effects of post-annealing treatments on the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of direct metal laser sintered Ti-6Al-4V alloys has been conducted. The microstructure and phase evolution as affected by annealing treatment temperature were examined through scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. The tensile properties and Vickers hardness were measured and compared to the commercial Grade 5 Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Corrosion behavior of the parts was analyzed electrochemically in simulated body fluid at 37 °C. It was found out that the as-printed parts mainly composed of non-equilibrium α′ phase. Annealing treatment allowed the transformation from α′ to α phase and the development of β phase. The tensile test results indicated that post-annealing treatment could improve the ductility and decrease the strength. The as-printed Ti-6Al-4V part exhibits inferior corrosion resistance compared to the commercial alloy, and post-annealing treatment can reduce its susceptibility to corrosion by reducing the two-phase interface area.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes · Titanium Alloys Microstructure and Properties · Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (30)
Show source-provided references
1. J. Parthasarathy, B. Starly, and S. Raman, A Design for the Additive Manufacture of Functionally Graded Porous Structures with Tailored Mechanical Properties for Biomedical Applications, J. Manuf. Process., 2011, 13(2), p 160–17010.1016/j.jmapro.2011.01.004 ↗
2. T. Traini, C. Mangano, R.L. Sammons, F. Mangano, A. Macchi, and A. Piattelli, Direct Laser Metal Sintering as a New Approach to Fabrication of an Isoelastic Functionally Graded Material for Manufacture of Porous Titanium Dental Implants, Dent. Mater., 2008, 24(11), p 1525–153310.1016/j.dental.2008.03.029 ↗
3. D.C. Hansen, Metal Corrosion in the Human Body: The Ultimate Bio-Corrosion Scenario, Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 2008, 17(2), p 3110.1149/2.F04082IF ↗
4. M. Niinomi, Mechanical Properties of Biomedical Titanium Alloys, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1998, 243(1), p 231–23610.1016/S0921-5093(97)00806-X ↗
5. B. Vrancken, L. Thijs, J.P. Kruth, and J. Van Humbeeck, Heat Treatment of Ti6Al4V Produced by Selective Laser Melting: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties, J. Alloy. Compd., 2012, 541, p 177–18510.1016/j.jallcom.2012.07.022 ↗
6. L. Thijs, F. Verhaeghe, T. Craeghs, J. Van Humbeeck, and J.P. Kruth, A Study of the Microstructural Evolution During Selective Laser Melting of Ti-6Al-4V, Acta Mater., 2010, 58(9), p 3303–331210.1016/j.actamat.2010.02.004 ↗
7. J.J. de Damborenea et al., Corrosion of Ti6Al4V Pins Produced by Direct Metal Laser Sintering, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2017, 393, p 340–34710.1016/j.apsusc.2016.10.031 ↗
8. B. Song, S. Dong, B. Zhang, H. Liao, and C. Coddet, Effects of Processing Parameters on Microstructure and Mechanical Property of Selective Laser Melted Ti6Al4V, Mater. Des., 2012, 35, p 120–12510.1016/j.matdes.2011.09.051 ↗
9. X. Wu, J. Liang, J. Mei, C. Mitchell, P.S. Goodwin, and W. Voice, Microstructures of Laser-Deposited Ti-6Al-4V, Mater. Des., 2004, 25(2), p 137–14410.1016/j.matdes.2003.09.009 ↗
10. R. Wauthle et al., Effects of Build Orientation and Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Selective Laser Melted Ti6Al4V Lattice Structures, Addit. Manuf., 2015, 5, p 77–8410.1016/j.addma.2014.12.008 ↗
11. H. Galarraga et al., Effects of the Microstructure and Porosity on Properties of Ti-6Al-4V ELI, Alloy Fabricated by Electron Beam Melting (EBM), Addit. Manuf., 2016, 10, p 47–5710.1016/j.addma.2016.02.003 ↗
12. A.S.M. Handbook, Heat Treating, vol. 4.” ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1991, p. 860
13. S. Leuders et al., On the Mechanical Behaviour of Titanium Alloy TiAl6V4 Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting: Fatigue Resistance and Crack Growth Performance, Int. J. Fatigue, 2013, 48, p 300–30710.1016/j.ijfatigue.2012.11.011 ↗
14. I. Cvijović-Alagić, Z. Cvijović, S. Mitrović, V. Panić, and M. Rakin, Wear and Corrosion Behaviour of Ti-13Nb-13Zr and Ti-6Al-4V Alloys in Simulated Physiological Solution, Corros. Sci., 2011, 53(2), p 796–80810.1016/j.corsci.2010.11.014 ↗
15. M. Geetha, U.K. Mudali, A.K. Gogia, R. Asokamani, and B. Raj, Influence of Microstructure and Alloying Elements on Corrosion Behavior of Ti-13Nb-13Zr Alloy, Corros. Sci., 2004, 46(4), p 877–89210.1016/S0010-938X(03)00186-0 ↗
16. A.K. Shukla, R. Balasubramaniam, and S. Bhargava, Properties of Passive Film Formed on CP Titanium, Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-13.4 Al-29Nb Alloys in Simulated Human Body Conditions, Intermetallics, 2005, 13(6), p 631–63710.1016/j.intermet.2004.10.001 ↗
17. H.M. Rietveld, A Profile Refinement Method for Nuclear and Magnetic Structures, J. Appl. Crystallogr., 1969, 2(2), p 65–7110.1107/S0021889869006558 ↗
18. H.M. Rietveld, Line Profiles of Neutron Powder-Diffraction Peaks for Structure Refinement, Acta Crystallogr. A, 1967, 22(1), p 151–15210.1107/S0365110X67000234 ↗
19. A.M. Birt, V.K. Champagne, R.D. Sisson, and D. Apelian, Microstructural Analysis of Ti-6Al-4V Powder for Cold Gas Dynamic Spray Application, Adv. Powder Technol., 2015, 26(5), p 1335–134710.1016/j.apt.2015.07.008 ↗
20. S. Al-Bermani, S.S. Al-Bermani, M.L. Blackmore, W. Zhang, and I. Todd, The Origin of Microstructural Diversity, Texture, and Mechanical Properties in Electron Beam Melted Ti-6Al-4V, Metall. Mater. Trans., 2010, 41(13), p 3422–343410.1007/s11661-010-0397-x ↗
21. L. Zeng and T.R. Bieler, Effects of Working, Heat Treatment, and Aging on Microstructural Evolution and Crystallographic Texture of α, α′, α″ and β Phases in Ti-6Al-4V Wire, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2005, 392(1), p 403–41410.1016/j.msea.2004.09.072 ↗
22. W. Rostoker, Observations on the Lattice Parameters of the Alpha and TiO Phases in the Titanium-Oxygen System. J. Met. Trans. AIME, 1952, 4(9), p 981–982
23. S.S. Babu, E.D. Specht, S.A. David, E. Karapetrova, P. Zschack, M. Peet, and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, In-Situ Observations of Lattice Parameter Fluctuations in Austenite and Transformation to Bainite, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2005, 36(12), p 3281–328910.1007/s11661-005-0002-x ↗
24. L.E. Murr, S.A. Quinones, S.M. Gaytan, M.I. Lopez, A. Rodela, E.Y. Martinez, D.H. Hernandez, E. Martinez, F. Medina, and R.B. Wicker, Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V Produced by Rapid-Layer Manufacturing, for Biomedical Applications, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 2009, 2(1), p 20–3210.1016/j.jmbbm.2008.05.004 ↗
25. H.K. Rafi, T.L. Starr, and B.E. Stucker, A Comparison of the Tensile, Fatigue, and Fracture Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V and 15–5 PH Stainless Steel Parts Made by Selective Laser Melting, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2013, 69(5–8), p 1299–130910.1007/s00170-013-5106-7 ↗
26. V.A. Alves, R.Q. Reis, I.C.B. Santos, D.G. Souza, T.D.F. Goncalves, M.A. Pereira-da-Silva, A. Rossi, and L.A. Da Silva, In Situ Impedance Spectroscopy Study of the Electrochemical Corrosion of Ti and Ti-6Al-4V in Simulated Body Fluid at 25 C and 37 C, Corros. Sci., 2009, 51(10), p 2473–248210.1016/j.corsci.2009.06.035 ↗
27. O. Cisse, O. Savadogo, M. Wu, and L’.H. Yahia, Effect of Surface Treatment of NiTi Alloy on Its Corrosion Behavior in Hanks’ Solution, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 2002, 61(3), p 339–34510.1002/jbm.10114 ↗
28. Skotheim, T.A., ed. Handbook of Conducting Polymers. CRC Press, New York, 1997, pp. 894-895.
29. D.A. Jones, Principles and Prevention of Corrosion, Macmillan, London, 1992, p 143–162
30. C.Y. Yu, L.X. Yang, C.C. Shen, B. Luan, and T.P. Perng, Corrosion Behavior of Thermohydrogen Processed Ti6Al4V, Scripta Mater., 2007, 56(12), p 1019–102210.1016/j.scriptamat.2007.03.004 ↗