Investigation of Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of Flax- and Ramie-Reinforced Green Composites for Orthopedic Implants
Source abstract
Abstract
The aim of this research study is to develop promising bio-composite material reinforced with natural fiber for the application in bone grafting and orthopedic implants. In this research work, investigation on the mechanical properties of the fabricated bio-composite from flax and ramie fiber with three different weight fractions (10, 20, and 30%) and bio-epoxy resin matrix has been carried out with the help of compression hand layup method. Hybrid composite material from 15% flax and 15% ramie showed better tensile strength (102 MPa), flexural strength (138 MPa) and compressive strength (130 MPa) as well as better respective modulus (5.63, 12.41, and 8.87 GPa). The established properties are comparable to the human femur and tibia bone and therefore can be used in orthopedic implant application. The dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) is determined to characterize the viscoelastic properties of bio-composite material and found that hybrid composites at 30% weight fraction of fibers have given best results with maximum storage 9.03 GPa, loss modulus 1.45 GPa, and maximum glass transition temperature (Tg) of 110 °C, respectively. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to characterize the microstructure bonding behavior between fiber and matrix at the fracture surfaces.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites · Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies · Innovations in Concrete and Construction Materials
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (63)
Show source-provided references
1. R. Kumar, S. Bhowmik, and K. Kumar, Establishment and Effect of Constraint on Different Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Filler Reinforced Epoxy Composite, Int. Polym. Process., 2017, 32(3), p 308–31510.3139/217.3311 ↗
2. S.M. Sapuan, F.L. Pua, Y.A. El-Shekeil, and F.M. AL-Oqla, Mechanical Properties of Soil Buried Kenaf Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastic Polyurethane Composites, Mater. Des., 2013, 50, p 467–47010.1016/j.matdes.2013.03.013 ↗
3. O. Faruk, A.K. Bledzki, H.P. Fink, and M. Sain, Progress Report on Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites, Macromol. Mater. Eng., 2014, 299(1), p 9–2610.1002/mame.201300008 ↗
4. D.K. Rajak, D.D. Pagar, P.L. Menezes, and E. Linul, Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites: Manufacturing, Properties, and Applications, Polymers, 2019, 11(10), p 166710.3390/polym11101667 ↗
5. D. Chandramohan, J. Bharanichandar, P. Karthikeyan et al., Progress of Biomaterials in the Field of Orthopaedics, Am. J. Appl. Sci., 2014, 11(4), p 62310.3844/ajassp.2014.623.630 ↗
6. A. Shalwan and B.F. Yousif, In State of Art: Mechanical and Tribological Behaviour of Polymeric Composites Based on Natural Fibres, Mater. Des., 2013, 48, p 14–2410.1016/j.matdes.2012.07.014 ↗
7. R. Yahaya, S.M. Sapuan, M. Jawaid et al., Effect of Fibre Orientations on the Mechanical Properties of Kenaf–Aramid Hybrid Composites for Spall-Liner Application, Def. Technol., 2016, 12(1), p 52–5810.1016/j.dt.2015.08.005 ↗
8. J.A. Halip, L.S. Hua, Z. Ashaari et al., Effect of Treatment on Water Absorption Behavior of Natural Fiber–Reinforced Polymer Composites, Mechanical and Physical Testing of Biocomposites, Fibre-Reinforced Composites and Hybrid Composites, Woodhead Publ., 2019, p 141–15610.1016/B978-0-08-102292-4.00008-4 ↗
9. K. Ramakrishna, I. Sridhar, S. Sivashanker et al., Design of Fracture Fixation Plate for Necessary and Sufficient Bone Stress Shielding, JSME Int. J. Ser. C, 2004, 47(4), p 1086–109410.1299/jsmec.47.1086 ↗
10. L. Rony, R. Lancigu, and L. Hubert, Intraosseous Metal Implants in Orthopedics: A Review, Morphologie, 2018, 102(339), p 231–24210.1016/j.morpho.2018.09.003 ↗
11. W.Z. Teo and P.C. Schalock, Metal Hypersensitivity Reactions to Orthopedic Implants, Dermatol. Ther., 2017, 7(1), p 53–6410.1007/s13555-016-0162-1 ↗
12. R.C. Dutta, A.K. Dutta, and B. Basu, Engineering Implants for Fractured Bones; Metals to Tissue Constructs, J. Mater. Eng. Appl., 2017, 1(1), p 9–13
13. D.W. Zhao, Z.J. Ma, T.N. Wang, and B.Y. Liu, Biocompatible Porous Tantalum Metal Plates in the Treatment of Tibial Fracture, Orthop. Surg., 2019, 11(2), p 325–32910.1111/os.12432 ↗
14. V. Saxena, V. Kumar, A. Singh, and V.K. Singh, Effect of Reinforcing S53P4 Bioactive Glass on Physio-Mechanical and Biological Properties of Ti–8Nb–2Fe Alloy, Ceram. Int., 2019, 45(17), p 21810–2181810.1016/j.ceramint.2019.07.184 ↗
15. M. Prakasam, J. Locs, K. Salma-Ancane et al., Biodegradable Materials and Metallic Implants—A Review, J. Funct. Biomater., 2017, 8(4), p 4410.3390/jfb8040044 ↗
16. S. Ramakrishna, J. Mayer, E. Wintermantel, and K.W. Leong, Biomedical Applications of Polymer-Composite Materials: A Review, Compos. Sci. Technol., 2015, 61(9), p 1189–122410.1016/S0266-3538(00)00241-4 ↗
17. W. Abdali, D.A. Hamdi, and F.M. Kadhim, Reinforcement of Poly(polymethylmethacrylate) with Carbon Fiber and Alumina as a Composite Material for Orthopedic Implant, Int. J. Mech. Eng. Technol., 2018, 9(10), p 388–398
18. M. Navarro, A. Michiardi, O. Castano, and J.A. Planell, Biomaterials in Orthopaedics, J. R. Soc. Interface, 2008, 5(27), p 1137–115810.1098/rsif.2008.0151 ↗
19. D. Duraccio, V. Strongone, G. Malucelli et al., The Role of Alumina-Zirconia Loading on the Mechanical and Biological Properties of UHMWPE for Biomedical Applications, Compos. Part B, 2019, 164, p 800–80810.1016/j.compositesb.2019.01.097 ↗
20. X. Feng, G. Wang, K. Neumann et al., Synthesis and Characterization of Biodegradable Poly(ether-ester) Urethane Acrylates for Controlled Drug Release, Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 2017, 74, p 270–27810.1016/j.msec.2016.12.009 ↗
21. S. Bahrami, A. Solouk, H. Mirzadeh, and A.M. Seifalian, Electroconductive Polyurethane/Graphene Nanocomposite for Biomedical Applications, Compos. Part B, 2019, 168, p 421–43110.1016/j.compositesb.2019.03.044 ↗
22. S. Asadullah, H. Wu, S. Mei et al., Characterization, In Vitro Bioactivity and rBMSCs Responses to Tantalum Pentoxide/Polyimide Biocomposites for Dental and Orthopedic Implants, Compos. Part B, 2019, 177, p 10743310.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107433 ↗
23. J.W. Park, J.U. Hwang, J.H. Back et al., High Strength PLGA/Hydroxyapatite Composites with Tunable Surface Structure Using PLGA Direct Grafting Method for Orthopedic Implants, Compos. Part B, 2019, 178, p 10744910.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107449 ↗
24. F. Namvar, M. Jawaid, P.M. Tanir et al., Potential Use of Plant Fibres and Their Composites for Biomedical Applications, Bioresearches, 2014, 9(3), p 5688–5706
25. J. Bharamichandar, D. Chandramohan, and B. Murali, Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composite in Synthetic Bone Grafting—A New Approach, J. Mid. East. Appl. Sci. Technol., 2014, 16, p 588–596
26. D. Chandramohan and K. Marimuthu, Characterization of Natural Fibers and Their Application in Bone Grafting Substitutes, Acta Bioeng. Biomech., 2011, 13(1), p 77–84
27. D. Chandramohan and K. Marimuthu, Bio Composite Materials Based on Bio Polymers and Natural Fibers-Contribution as Bone Implants, Int. J. Adv. Med. Sci. Appl. Res., 2012, 1(1), p 09–12
28. Z.S. Bagheri, I. El Sawi, E.H. Schemitsch et al., Biomechanical Properties of an Advanced New Carbon/Flax/Epoxy Composite Material for Bone Plate Applications, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 2013, 20, p 398–40610.1016/j.jmbbm.2012.12.013 ↗
29. S. Manteghi, Z. Mahboob, Z. Fawaz, and H. Bougherara, Investigation of the Mechanical Properties and Failure Modes of Hybrid Natural Fiber Composites for Potential Bone Fracture Fixation Plates, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 2017, 65, p 306–31610.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.08.035 ↗
30. T.A. Gouda, S.P. Jagadish, K.R. Dinesh et al., Characterization and Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Natural Fiber Polymer Composite Materials Used as Orthopaedic Implants for Femur Bone Prosthesis, IOSR-J. Mech. Civ. Eng., 2014, 11(4), p 40–5210.9790/1684-11424052 ↗
31. S.P. Jagadish, K.R. Dinesh, A. Thimmana Gouda et al., Fabrication and Investigation of Tensile and Bending-Mechanical and Oxidative Biodegradation Properties of Hybrid Natural Fibre Reinforced Bio-Composites, Int. J. Mech. Eng. Technol., 2017, 8(1), p 01–14
32. M.H. Nurhanisah, F. Hashemi, M.T. Paridah, M. Jawaid, and J. Naveen, Mechanical Properties of Laminated Kenaf Woven Fabric Composites for Below-Knee Prosthesis Socket Application, IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2018, 368(1), p 01205010.1088/1757-899X/368/1/012050 ↗
33. A.R. Irawan, T.P. Soemardi, K. Widjajalaksmi, and A.H.S. Reksoprodjo, Tensile and Flexural Strength of Ramie Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites for Socket Prosthesis Application, Int. J. Mech. Mater. Eng., 2011, 6(1), p 46–50
34. A.M. Hashim, E.K. Tanner, and J.K. Oleiwi, Biomechanics of Natural Fiber Green Composites as Internal Bone Plate Rafted, MATEC Web Conf., Vol 83, EDP Sciences, 2016, p 09002.10.1051/matecconf/20168309002 ↗
35. M. Ramesh, Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composite Materials: A Review on Preparation, Properties and Prospects, Prog. Mater. Sci., 2019, 102, p 109–16610.1016/j.pmatsci.2018.12.004 ↗
36. K. Charlet, J.P. Jernot, M. Gomina et al., Mechanical Properties of Flax Fibers and of the Derived Unidirectional Composites, J. Compos. Mater., 2010, 44(24), p 2887–289610.1177/0021998310369579 ↗
37. L. Yan, N. Chouw, and K. Jayaraman, Flax Fibre and Its Composites—A Review, Compos. Part B, 2014, 56, p 296–31710.1016/j.compositesb.2013.08.014 ↗
38. C. Xu, Y. Gu, Z. Yang, M. Li, Y. Li, and Z. Zhang, Mechanical Properties of Surface-Treated Ramie Fiber Fabric/Epoxy Resin Composite Fabricated by Vacuum-Assisted Resin Infusion Molding with Hot Compaction, J. Compos. Mater., 2016, 50(9), p 1189–119810.1177/0021998315590259 ↗
39. S.N. Monteiro, K.G. Satyanarayana, and F.P.D. Lopes, High Strength Natural Fibers for Improved Polymer Matrix Composites, Mater. Sci. Forum, 2010, 638, p 961–96610.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.638-642.961 ↗
40. M.L. Loong and D. Cree, Enhancement of Mechanical Properties of Bio-resin Epoxy/Flax Fiber Composites Using Acetic Anhydride, J. Polym. Environ., 2018, 26(1), p 224–23410.1007/s10924-017-0943-3 ↗
41. C. Audibert, A.S. Andreani, E. Lainé, and J.C. Grandidier, Mechanical Characterization and Damage Mechanism of a New Flax-Kevlar Hybrid/Epoxy Composite, Compos. Struct., 2018, 195, p 126–13510.1016/j.compstruct.2018.04.061 ↗
42. ASTM Standard D638, Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2010
43. ASTM Standard D790, Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2010
44. American Society for Testing and Materials, Standard test method for compressive properties of rigid plastics, D695‐02a, ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, 2002
45. ASTM D5023-99, Standard Test Method for Measuring the Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Plastics Using Three-Point Bending
46. N. Saba, M. Jawaid, O.Y. Alothman, and M.T. Paridah, A Review on Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites, Constr. Build. Mater., 2016, 106, p 149–15910.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.075 ↗
47. C.A. Pandian and H.S. Jailani, Investigation of Viscoelastic Attributes and Vibrational Characteristics of Natural Fabrics-Incorporated Hybrid Laminate Beams, Polym. Bull., 2018, 75(5), p 1997–201410.1007/s00289-017-2139-3 ↗
48. M. Rajesh, P. Jeyaraj, and N. Rajini, Mechanical, Dynamic Mechanical and Vibration Behavior of Nanoclay Dispersed Natural Fiber Hybrid Intra-ply Woven Fabric Composite, Nanoclay reinf. Polym. Compos., Springer, Singapore, 2016, p 281–29610.1007/978-981-10-0950-1_12 ↗
49. V. Chaudhary, P.K. Bajpai, and S. Maheshwari, An Investigation on Wear and Dynamic Mechanical Behavior of Jute/Hemp/Flax Reinforced Composites and Its Hybrids for Tribological Applications, Fibers Polym., 2018, 19(2), p 403–41510.1007/s12221-018-7759-6 ↗
50. M. Jawaid, H.A. Khalil, A. Hassan, R. Dungani, and A. Hadiyane, Effect of Jute Fibre Loading on Tensile and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Oil Palm Epoxy Composites, Compos. Part B, 2013, 45(1), p 619–62410.1016/j.compositesb.2012.04.068 ↗
51. S.K. Saw, G. Sarkhel, and A. Choudhury, Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Randomly Oriented Short Bagasse/Coir Hybrid Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Novolac Composites, Fiber Polym., 2011, 12(4), p 506–51310.1007/s12221-011-0506-5 ↗
52. M.K. Gupta, Thermal and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Hybrid Jute/Sisal Fibre Reinforced Epoxy Composite, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part L, 2018, 232(9), p 743–748
53. D.L. Bartel, D.T. Davy, and T.M. Keaveny, Orthopaedic Biomechanics: Mechanics and Design in Musculoskeletal Systems, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2006
54. A.S. Brydone, D. Meek, and S. Maclaine, Bone Grafting, Orthopaedic Biomaterials, and Bone Engineering, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part H, 2010, 224, p 1329–134310.1243/09544119JEIM770 ↗
55. R. Havaldar, S. Pilli, and B. Putti, Effects of Magnesium on Mechanical Properties of Human Bone, IOSR J. Pharm. Biol. Sci., 2013, 7(3), p 8–14
56. J.A. Disegi and L. Eschbach, Stainless Steel in Bone Surgery, Injury, 2000, 31, p 2–610.1016/S0020-1383(00)80015-7 ↗
57. O.E. Pohler, Unalloyed Titanium for Implants in Bone Surgery, Injury, 2000, 31, p 7–1310.1016/S0020-1383(00)80016-9 ↗
58. P.N. Khanam, H.A. Khalil, M. Jawaid et al., Sisal/Carbon Fibre Reinforced Hybrid Composites: Tensile, Flexural and Chemical Resistance Properties, J. Polym. Environ., 2010, 18(4), p 727–73310.1007/s10924-010-0210-3 ↗
59. P.B. Gning, S. Liang, L. Guillaumat, and W.J. Pui, Influence of Process and Test Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of Flax/Epoxy Composites Using Response Surface Methodology, J. Mater. Sci., 2011, 46(21), p 6801–681110.1007/s10853-011-5639-9 ↗
60. S.L. Woo, W.H. Akeson, R.D. Coutts et al., A Comparison of Cortical Bone Atrophy Secondary to Fixation with Plates of Larger Differences in Bending Stiffness, J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. Vol., 1976, 58, p 190–19510.2106/00004623-197658020-00005 ↗
61. M. Idicula, S.K. Malhotra, K. Joseph, and S. Thomas, Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Randomly Oriented Intimately Mixed Short Banana/Sisal Hybrid Fibre Reinforced Polyester Composites, Compos. Sci. Technol., 2005, 65, p 1077–108710.1016/j.compscitech.2004.10.023 ↗
62. D. Shanmugam and M. Thiruchitrambalam, Static and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Alkali Treated Unidirectional Continuous Palmyra Palm Leaf Stalk Fibre/Jute Fibre Reinforced Hybrid Polyester Composites, Mater. Des., 2013, 50, p 533–54210.1016/j.matdes.2013.03.048 ↗
63. V. Fiore, A. Valenza, and G.D. Bella, Mechanical Behavior of Carbon/Falx Hybrid Composites for Structural Applications, Compos. Mater., 2012, 46(17), p 2089–209610.1177/0021998311429884 ↗