Electrically conductive porous Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene-polymer composites from high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs)
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract Porous MXene-polymer composites have gained attention due to their low density, large surface area, and high electrical conductivity, which can be used in applications such as electromagnetic interference shielding, sensing, energy storage, and catalysis. High internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) can be used to template the synthesis of porous polymer structures, and when solid particles are used as the interfacial agent, composites with pores lined with the particles can be realized. Here, we report a simple and scalable method to prepare conductive porous MXene/polyacrylamide structures via polymerization of the continuous phase in oil/water HIPEs. The HIPEs are stabilized by salt flocculated Ti 3 C 2 T x nanosheets, without the use of a co-surfactant. After polymerization, the polyHIPE structure consists of porous polymer struts and pores lined with Ti 3 C 2 T x nanosheets, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The pore size can be tuned by varying the Ti 3 C 2 T x concentration, and the interconnected Ti 3 C 2 T x network allows for electrical percolation at low Ti 3 C 2 T x loading; further, the electrical conductivity is stable for months indicating that in these composites, the nanosheets are stable to oxidation at ambient conditions. The polyHIPEs also exhibit rapid radio frequency heating at low power (10 °C s −1 at 1 W). This work demonstrates a simple approach to accessing electrically conductive porous MXene/polymer composites with tunable pore morphology and good oxidation stability of the nanosheets.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: MXene and MAX Phase Materials
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (80)
Show source-provided references
1. Emulsion-templated porous polymers: a retrospective perspective10.1016/j.polymer.2013.08.068 ↗
2. Synthesis and applications of emulsion-templated porous materials10.1039/b502551f ↗
3. High internal phase emulsion templating—a path to hierarchically porous functional polymers10.1002/marc.201200393 ↗
4. PolyHIPEs—porous polymers from high internal phase emulsions10.1002/0471440264.pst571 ↗
5. Polymerized pickering HIPEs: effects of synthesis parameters on porous structure10.1002/pola.23911 ↗
6. HIPEs to polyHIPEs10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.104917 ↗
7. Control of uniform and interconnected macroporous structure in polyHIPE for enhanced CO2 adsorption/desorption kinetics10.1021/acs.est.6b00579 ↗
8. Porous hydrogels embedded with hydrated ferric oxide nanoparticles for arsenate removal10.1021/acsapm.9b00047 ↗
9. PolyHIPEs for water treatment10.1088/1742-6596/1294/5/052072 ↗
10. Hypercrosslinked porous polymers hybridized with graphene oxide for water treatment: dye adsorption and degradation10.1039/C8RA01620H ↗
11. Poly(methylvinylsiloxane)-based high internal phase emulsion-templated materials (polyHIPEs)—preparation, incorporation of palladium, and catalytic properties10.1021/acs.iecr.0c03429 ↗
12. Structuring the reduced graphene oxide/polyHIPE foam for piezoresistive sensing via emulsion-templated polymerization10.1016/j.compositesa.2020.105898 ↗
13. Development of a highly sensitive, broad-range hierarchically structured reduced graphene oxide/polyHIPE foam for pressure sensing10.1021/acsami.8b17020 ↗
14. Graphene improves the biocompatibility of polyacrylamide hydrogels: 3D polymeric scaffolds for neuronal growth10.1038/s41598-017-11359-x ↗
15. Synthesis of monodisperse emulsion-templated polymer beads by oil-in-water-in-oil (O/W/O) sedimentation polymerization10.1021/cm0206643 ↗
16. Synthesis of open porous emulsion-templated monoliths using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide10.1016/j.polymer.2007.04.009 ↗
17. High internal phase emulsions stabilized solely by microgel particles10.1002/anie.200902103 ↗
18. High internal phase emulsions stabilized solely by functionalized silica particles10.1002/anie.200990003 ↗
19. Conductive pickering-poly(high internal phase emulsion) composite foams prepared with low loadings of single-walled carbon nanotubes10.1039/b820638d ↗
20. The incorporation of single-walled carbon nanotubes into polymerized high internal phase emulsions to create conductive foams with a low percolation threshold10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.12.013 ↗
21. Interconnectivity of macroporous hydrogels prepared via graphene oxide-stabilized pickering high internal phase emulsions10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b04477 ↗
22. Macroporous graphene oxide–polymer composite prepared through pickering high internal phase emulsions10.1021/am4020549 ↗
23. Reduced graphene oxide-hybridized polymeric high-internal phase emulsions for highly efficient removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water matrix10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00005 ↗
24. Macroporous polymer nanocomposites synthesised from high internal phase emulsion templates stabilised by reduced graphene oxide10.1016/j.polymer.2013.09.039 ↗
25. Graphene-based adsorbents for water remediation by removal of organic pollutants: theoretical and experimental insights10.1016/j.cherd.2019.10.013 ↗
26. Graphene oxide interpenetrated polymeric composite hydrogels as highly effective adsorbents for water treatment10.1039/C4RA07114J ↗
27. Polymer/pristine graphene based composites: from emulsions to strong, electrically conducting foams10.1021/ma5024236 ↗
28. Two-dimensional nanocrystals produced by exfoliation of Ti3AlC210.1002/adma.201102306 ↗
29. Conductive two-dimensional titanium carbide ‘clay’ with high volumetric capacitance10.1038/nature13970 ↗
30. 25th anniversary article: MXenes: a new family of two-dimensional materials10.1002/adma.201304138 ↗
31. 2D metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) for energy storage10.1038/natrevmats.2016.98 ↗
32. Ultra-high-rate pseudocapacitive energy storage in two-dimensional transition metal carbides10.1038/nenergy.2017.105 ↗
33. 3D printing of additive-free 2D Ti3C2Tx (MXene) ink for fabrication of micro-supercapacitors with ultra-high energy densities10.1021/acsnano.9b07325 ↗
34. Anion identity and time scale affect the cation insertion energy storage mechanism in Ti3C2Tx MXene multilayers10.1021/acsenergylett.2c00481 ↗
35. Carbon additive-free crumpled Ti3C2TX MXene-encapsulated silicon nanoparticle anodes for lithium-ion batteries10.1021/acsaem.1c01736 ↗
36. One-step hydrothermal synthesis of porous Ti3C2Tz MXene/rGO gels for supercapacitor applications10.1039/D1NR02114A ↗
37. 2D MXenes: a new family of promising catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction10.1021/acscatal.6b02754 ↗
38. MXenes: new horizons in catalysis10.1021/acscatal.0c03106 ↗
39. Hydrogen evolution reaction mechanism on Ti3C2 MXene revealed by in situ/operando Raman spectroelectrochemistry10.1039/D2NR00222A ↗
40. Ti3C2TX MXene for sensing applications: recent progress, design principles, and future perspectives10.1021/acsnano.1c00248 ↗
41. Electromagnetic interference shielding with 2D transition metal carbides (MXenes)10.1126/science.aag2421 ↗
42. MXenes for polymer matrix electromagnetic interference shielding composites: a review10.1016/j.coco.2021.100653 ↗
43. MXenes for electromagnetic interference shielding: experimental and theoretical perspectives10.1016/j.mtadv.2020.100124 ↗
44. Highly conductive transition metal carbide/carbonitride(MXene)@polystyrene nanocomposites fabricated by electrostatic assembly for highly efficient electromagnetic interference shielding10.1002/adfm.201702807 ↗
45. Synthesis and electronic applications of particle-templated Ti3C2Tz MXene–polymer films via pickering emulsion polymerization10.1021/acsami.1c16234 ↗
46. Beyond Ti3C2Tx: MXenes for electromagnetic interference shielding10.1021/acsnano.0c01312 ↗
47. Highly electrically conductive three-dimensional Ti3C2Tx MXene/reduced graphene oxide hybrid aerogels with excellent electromagnetic interference shielding performances10.1021/acsnano.8b05739 ↗
48. Ultralight MXene-coated, interconnected SiCnws three-dimensional lamellar foams for efficient microwave absorption in the X-band10.1021/acsami.8b13658 ↗
49. Self-assembly of MXene-surfactants at liquid–liquid interfaces: from structured liquids to 3D aerogels10.1002/anie.201908402 ↗
50. 3D Ti3C2Tx MXene/C hybrid foam/epoxy nanocomposites with superior electromagnetic interference shielding performances and robust mechanical properties10.1016/j.compositesa.2019.05.030 ↗
51. Lightweight Ti2CTx MXene/poly(vinyl alcohol) composite foams for electromagnetic wave shielding with absorption-dominated feature10.1021/acsami.8b21671 ↗
52. Tuning of anisotropic electrical conductivity and enhancement of EMI shielding of polymer composite foam via CO2-assisted delamination and orientation of MXene10.1016/j.cej.2021.128930 ↗
53. Hydrophobic, flexible, and lightweight MXene foams for high-performance electromagnetic-interference shielding10.1002/adma.201702367 ↗
54. Natural rubber latex/MXene foam with robust and multifunctional properties %J10.1515/epoly-2021-0017 ↗
55. Construction of compressible polymer/MXene composite foams for high-performance absorption-dominated electromagnetic shielding with ultra-low reflectivity10.1016/j.carbon.2020.11.036 ↗
56. MXene/chitosan nanocoating for flexible polyurethane foam towards remarkable fire hazards reductions10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120952 ↗
57. A novel structural design of shielding capsule to prepare high-performance and self-healing MXene-based sponge for ultra-efficient electromagnetic interference shielding10.1016/j.cej.2021.130729 ↗
58. Flexible and lightweight melamine sponge/MXene/polyborosiloxane (MSMP) hybrid structure for high-performance electromagnetic interference shielding and anti-impact safe-guarding10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.108669 ↗
59. 3D flexible, conductive, and recyclable Ti3C2Tx MXene-melamine foam for high-areal-capacity and long-lifetime alkali-metal anode10.1021/acsnano.0c03042 ↗
60. Conductive MXene/melamine sponge combined with 3D printing resin base prepared as an electromagnetic interferences shielding switch10.1016/j.compositesa.2020.106238 ↗
61. Porous and ultra-flexible crosslinked MXene/polyimide composites for multifunctional electromagnetic interference shielding10.1007/s40820-022-00800-0 ↗
62. 3D assembly of Ti3C2-MXene directed by water/oil interfaces10.1039/C7NR07346A ↗
63. Oxidation stability enhanced MXene-based porous materials derived from water-in-ionic liquid pickering emulsions for wearable piezoresistive sensor and oil/water separation applications10.1016/j.jcis.2022.03.073 ↗
64. Electrically conductive porous MXene-polymer composites with ultralow percolation threshold via pickering high internal phase emulsion templating strategy10.1016/j.jcis.2022.03.086 ↗
65. Flocculation of MXenes and their use as 2D particle surfactants for capsule formation10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03244 ↗
66. Template-free 3D titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx MXene particles crumpled by capillary forces10.1039/C6CC07733A ↗
67. pH, nanosheet concentration, and antioxidant affect the oxidation of Ti3C2Tx and Ti2CTx MXene dispersions10.1002/admi.202000845 ↗
68. Annealed Ti3C2Tz MXene films for oxidation-resistant functional coatings10.1021/acsanm.0c02473 ↗
69. Controlling the porosity and biocidal properties of the chitosan-hyaluronate matrix hydrogel nanocomposites by the addition of 2D Ti3C2Tx MXene10.3390/ma13204587 ↗
70. MXene hydrogels: fundamentals and applications10.1039/D0CS00022A ↗
71. Interconnected macroporous glycidyl methacrylate-grafted dextran hydrogels synthesised from hydroxyapatite nanoparticle stabilised high internal phase emulsion templates10.1039/c2jm33294a ↗
72. Ionic liquid-containing pickering emulsions stabilized by graphene oxide-based surfactants10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02011 ↗
73. Antioxidants unlock shelf-stable Ti3C2Tx (MXene) nanosheet dispersions10.1016/j.matt.2019.05.020 ↗
74. Impact of surface oxidation on the structural, electronic transport, and optical properties of two-dimensional titanium nitride (Ti3N2 MXene10.1016/j.cocom.2019.e00382 ↗
75. Thermal decomposition behavior and mechanism study of cationic polyacrylamide10.1007/s10973-020-10131-0 ↗
76. The two-stages thermal degradation of polyacrylamide10.1016/S0142-9418(97)00036-6 ↗
77. Ti3C2T x (MXene)–polyacrylamide nanocomposite films10.1039/C6RA10384G ↗
78. Flexible, stretchable and electrically conductive MXene/natural rubber nanocomposite films for efficient electromagnetic interference shielding10.1016/j.compscitech.2019.107754 ↗
79. Oxidation stability of Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets in solvents and composite films10.1038/s41699-019-0089-3 ↗
80. Water-dispersible Ti3C2Tz MXene nanosheets by molten salt etching10.1016/j.isci.2021.103403 ↗