Triboelectric nanogenerator based on diamagnetic levitation for energy harvesting from mechanical vibrations and magnetic fields

The sustainable powering of sensor networks remains a significant challenge due to the inherent limitations of conventional battery technologies. This study proposes a vibration-magnetic dual-mode energy harvester based on diamagnetic levitation. The device integrates an independent-layer triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) with a diamagnetically levitated structure, enabling hybrid energy harvesting from ambient mechanical vibrations and alternating magnetic fields. At a vibration acceleration of 1.34 g and a frequency of 58 Hz, the harvester achieves a peak voltage of 5.3 V. Under dual-mode excitation with frequency and phase-matched mechanical (0.89 g) and magnetic (22 mT) inputs, the output voltage is enhanced by 31.7% compared to vibration-only excitation. Moreover, the phase difference between the two excitation sources significantly influences the output performance under coupled conditions. Finally, application experiments demonstrate that the device can detect the magnetic fields generated by high-power household appliances. This work demonstrates a viable energy harvesting strategy that utilizes environmental mechanical and magnetic energy sources, offering improved energy conversion efficiency and system reliability for self-powered sensing applications.