Research Progress of LiTi₂(PO₄)₃ Anode for Aqueous Lithium-ion Batteries

As green rechargeable batteries, lithium-ion batteries feature high energy and power density. However, commonly-used electrolytes, organic compounds, in commercially available lithium-ion batteries are flammable and toxic, which leaves them at the risk of combustion and explosion when being overcharged or short-circuited. In order to solve this problem, much attention has been paid to lithium-ion batteries with aqueous electrolytes, which take low-toxicity and high safety as the prominent advantages. The working voltage, 1.5-2.0 V, indicates their usage mainly in the field of energy storage. Considering the hydrogen and oxygen evolution, conventional anode materials used in commercially available lithium-ion batteries are inconformity for water-based lithium-ion batteries. Therefore, the key to the development of aqueous lithium-ion batteries lies in the selection of anodes. The anode material, LiTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , has drawn the attention of researchers due to its advantages such as three-dimensional channel and appropriate lithium-ion intercalation potential. The synthesis methods of LiTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 mainly include high temperature solid-phase