journal article·2024Open access

Current Status and Prospects of Additive Manufacturing of Flexible Piezoelectric Materials

Xiangxia WEI, Xiaofei ZHANG, Kailong XU, Zhangwei CHEN

Journal of Inorganic Materials· Volume 39· Issue 9

Abstract

As a kind of important functional materials, flexible piezoelectric materials have the advantages of good toughness, high plasticity and light-weight.The flexible piezoelectric materials can realize the effective conversion between mechanical energy and electrical energy, and it can be attached to the human body to obtain human or environment information in real time, thereby widely used in motion detection, health monitoring, and human computer interaction.With the high requirements of various there dimensional (3D) structures of flexible piezoelectric materials, additive manufacturing has been extensively utilized to fabricate different kinds of piezoelectric materials.Fortunately, this technology is expected to break the bottleneck of traditional processing of piezoelectric material by improving the structural design freedom and piezoelectric performance of flexible piezoelectric materials.Thus, the emergence of additive manufacturing printing technology provides enormous potential and opportunities for the application of flexible piezoelectric materials.Based on the introduction of the classification and performance of flexible piezoelectric materials, this paper systematically explained the main additive manufacturing technologies, including fused deposition modeling, direct ink writing, selective laser sintering, electric-assisted direct writing, stereolithography, and inkjet printing.In thefollowing, the structural designs of flexible piezoelectric materials produced by different additive manufacturing approaches were summarized, such as multi-layer structure, porous structure, and interdigital structure.Moreover, the applications of flexible piezoelectric materials produced by additive manufacturing were systematically introduced in fields of energy harvesting, piezoelectric sensing, human computer interaction, bioengineering.Finally, the challenges faced by additive manufacturing of flexible piezoelectric materials and the development trends in the future were summarized and prospected.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials · Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies · Interactive and Immersive Displays

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (95)

Show source-provided references
1. TUMALA M M, SALISU A, NMADU Y B. Climate change fossil fuel prices: a GARCH-MIDAS analysis. Energy Economics, 2023, 124: 106792.10.1016/j.eneco.2023.106792 ↗
2. WU Y L, MA Y L, ZHENG H Y, et al. Piezoelectric materials for flexible and wearable electronics: a review. Materials & Design, 2021, 211: 110164.10.1016/j.matdes.2021.110164 ↗
3. CHEN C, WANG X, WANG Y, et al. Additive manufacturing of piezoelectric materials. Advanced Functional Materials, 2020, 30(52): 2005141.10.1002/adfm.202005141 ↗
4. ZHENG Q, SHI B J, LI Z, et al. Recent progress on piezoelectric and triboelectric energy harvesters in biomedical systems. Advanced Science, 2017, 4(7): 1700029.10.1002/advs.201700029 ↗
5. MEGDICH A, HABIBI M, LAPERRIERE L, et al. A review on 3D printed piezoelectric energy harvesters: materials, 3D printing techniques, and applications. Materials Today Communications, 2023, 35: 105541.10.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.105541 ↗
6. BICY K, GUEYE A B, ROUXEL D, et al. Lithium-ion battery separators based on electrospun PVDF: a review. Surfaces and Interfaces, 2022, 31: 101977.10.1016/j.surfin.2022.101977 ↗
7. LEE J E, SHIN Y E, LEE G H, et al. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) nanocomposite fiber and triboelectric textile sensors. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2021, 223: 109098.10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109098 ↗
8. RIBEIRO S, MEIRA R M, CORREIA D M, et al. Silica nanoparticles surface charge modulation of the electroactive phase content and physical-chemical properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride) nanocomposites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2020, 185: 107786.10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.107786 ↗
9. TU N D K, NOH M S, KO Y, et al. Enhanced electromechanical performance of P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE) thin films hybridized with highly dispersed carbon blacks. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2018, 152: 133.10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.06.036 ↗
10. JEONG K, KIM D H, CHUNG Y S, et al. Effect of processing parameters of the continuous wet spinning system on the crystal phase of PVDF fibers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2017, 133(3): 45712.10.1002/app.45712 ↗
11. SHARAFKHANI S, KOKABI M. High performance flexible actuator: PVDF nanofibers incorporated with axially aligned carbon nanotubes. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2021, 222: 109060.10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109060 ↗
12. CHEN J, AYRANCI C, TANG T. Piezoelectric performance of electrospun PVDF and PVDF composite fibers: a review and machine learning-based analysis. Materials Today Chemistry, 2023, 30: 101571.10.1016/j.mtchem.2023.101571 ↗
13. WANG Y, LEI D, WU L K, et al. Effects of stretching on phase transformation of PVDF and its copolymers: a review. Open Physics, 2023, 21(1): 20220255.10.1515/phys-2022-0255 ↗
14. BARRAU S, FERRI A, DACOSTA A, et al. Nanoscale investigations of α- and γ-crystal phases in PVDF-based nanocomposites. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2018, 10(15): 13092.10.1021/acsami.8b02172 ↗
15. JIN L, MA S Y, DENG W L, et al. Polarization-free high- crystallization β-PVDF piezoelectric nanogenerator toward self- powered 3D acceleration sensor. Nano Energy, 2018, 50: 632.10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.05.068 ↗
16. WANG S, SHAO H Q, LIU Y, et al. Boosting piezoelectric response of PVDF-TrFE via MXene for self-powered linear pressure sensor. Composites Science and Technology, 2021, 202: 108600.10.1016/j.compscitech.2020.108600 ↗
17. YADAV P, RAJU T D, BADHULIKA S. Self-poled hBN-PVDF nanofiber mat-based low-cost, ultrahigh-performance piezoelectric nanogenerator for biomechanical energy harvesting. ACS Applied Energy Materials, 2020, 2(7): 1970.10.1021/acsaelm.0c00272 ↗
18. KHAN F, KOWALCHIK T, ROUNDY S, et al. Stretching-induced phase transitions in barium titanate-poly(vinylidene fluoride) flexible composite piezoelectric films. Scripta Materialia, 2021, 193: 64.10.1016/j.scriptamat.2020.10.036 ↗
19. GEBREKRSTOS A, MADRAS G, BOSE S. Journey of electroactive β-polymorph of poly(vinylidenefluoride) from crystal growth to design to applications. Crystal Growth & Design, 2019, 19(9): 5441.10.1021/acs.cgd.9b00381 ↗
20. LU L J, DING W Q, LIU J Q, et al. Flexible PVDF based piezoelectric nanogenerators. Nano Energy, 2020, 78: 105251.10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105251 ↗
21. YANG L, WANG H, FANG S P, et al. Research progress on energy storage performance enhancement strategies for polyvinylidene fluoride based composites. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2023, 960: 170831.10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.170831 ↗
22. LI H, SONG H, LONG M J, et al. Mortise-tenon joint structured hydrophobic surface-functionalized barium titanate/polyvinylidene fluoride nanocomposites for printed self-powered wearable sensors. Nanoscale, 2021, 13(4): 2542.10.1039/D0NR07525F ↗
23. WANG C, DONG C, PENG W, et al. Research progress of lead-free piezoelectric ceramics. China Ceramics, 2017, 53(11): 1.
24. GAO X Y, WU J G, YU Y, et al. Giant piezoelectric coefficients in relaxor piezoelectric ceramic PNN-PZT for vibration energy harvesting. Advanced Functional Materials, 2018, 28(30): 1706895.10.1002/adfm.201706895 ↗
25. LIU K, SUN C, SHI Y S, et al. Current status and prospect of additive manufacturing piezoceramics. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2022, 37(3): 278.10.15541/jim20210599 ↗
26. PEDDIGARI M, PARK J H, HAN J H, et al. Flexible self- charging, ultrafast, high-power-density ceramic capacitor system. ACS Energy Letters, 2021, 6(4): 1383.10.1021/acsenergylett.1c00170 ↗
27. ZHANG Y, JEONG C K, YANG T N, et al. Bioinspired elastic piezoelectric composites for high-performance mechanical energy harvesting. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2018, 6(30): 14546.10.1039/C8TA03617A ↗
28. GAO W X, YOU L, WANG Y J, et al. Flexible PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 capacitors with giant piezoelectric response and dielectric tunability. Advanced Electronic Materials, 20173(8): 1600542.10.1002/aelm.201600542 ↗
29. ZENG Z, GAI L L, WANG X, et al. A plastic-composite-plastic structure high performance flexible energy harvester based on PIN-PMN-PT single crystal/epoxy 2-2 composite. Applied Physics Letters, 2017, 110(10): 103501.10.1063/1.4977938 ↗
30. KIM H, NGUYEN D C, LUU T T, et al. Recent advances in functional fiber-based wearable triboelectric nanogenerators. Nanomaterials, 2023, 13(19): 2718.10.3390/nano13192718 ↗
31. YANG C, SONG S P, CHEN F, et al. Fabrication of PVDF/ BaTiO3/CNT piezoelectric energy harvesters with bionic balsa wood structures through 3D printing and supercritical carbon dioxide foaming. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2021, 13(35): 41723.10.1021/acsami.1c11843 ↗
32. SONG L, DAI R X, LI Y J, et al. Polyvinylidene fluoride energy harvester with boosting piezoelectric performance through 3D printed biomimetic bone structures. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2021, 9(22): 7561.10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c01305 ↗
33. WANG Z H, CHENG J, HU R C, et al. An approach combining additive manufacturing and dielectrophoresis for 3D-structured flexible lead-free piezoelectric composites for electromechanical energy conversion. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2021, 9(47): 26767.10.1039/D1TA07475J ↗
34. HUAN Y, ZHANG X S, SONG J A, et al. High-performance piezoelectric composite nanogenerator based on Ag/(K, Na)NbO3 heterostructure. Nano Energy, 2018, 50: 62.10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.05.012 ↗
35. PEI H R, SHI S H, CHEN Y H, et al. Combining solid state shear milling and FFF 3D-printing strategy to fabricate high-performance biomimetic wearable fish-scale PVDF-based piezoelectric energy harvesters. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2022, 14(13): 15346.10.1021/acsami.2c02491 ↗
36. SORIMPUK N P, CHOONG W H, CHUA B L. Thermoforming characteristics of PLA/TPU multi-material specimens fabricated with fused deposition modelling under different temperatures. Polymers, 2022, 14(20): 4304.10.3390/polym14204304 ↗
37. LIU X G, SHANG Y H, ZHANG J H, et al. Ionic liquid assisted 3D printing of self-polarized β-PVDF for flexible piezoelectric energy harvesting. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2021, 13(12): 14347.10.1021/acsami.1c03226 ↗
38. IKRAM H, ALRASHID A, KOC M. Additive manufacturing of smart polymeric composites: literature review and future perspectives. Polymer Composites, 2022, 43(9): 6355.10.1002/pc.26948 ↗
39. WANG Z H, YUAN X T, YANG J K, et al. 3D-printed flexible, Ag-coated PNN-PZT ceramic-polymer grid-composite for electromechanical energy conversion. Nano Energy, 2020, 73: 104737.10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.104737 ↗
40. CHEN F, YANG C, AN Z M, et al. Direct-ink-writing of multistage-pore structured energy collector with ultrahigh ceramic content and toughness. Materials & Design, 2022, 217: 110652.10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110652 ↗
41. HAN C, HE L R, WANG Q, et al. Solvent-exchange-assisted 3D printing of self-polarized high β-PVDF for advanced piezoelectric energy harvesting. ACS Applied Electronic Materials, 2022, 4(6): 3125.10.1021/acsaelm.2c00553 ↗
42. SIPONKOSKI T, NELO M, JANTUNEN H, et al. A printable P(VDF-TrFE)-PZT composite with very high piezoelectric coefficient. Applied Materials Today, 2020, 20: 100696.10.1016/j.apmt.2020.100696 ↗
43. BODKHE S, TURCOT G, GOSSELIN F P, et al. One-step solvent evaporation-assisted 3D printing of piezoelectric PVDF nanocomposite structures. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2017, 9(24): 20833.10.1021/acsami.7b04095 ↗
44. TU R W, SPRAGUE E, SODANO H A, et al. Precipitation-printed high-β phase poly(vinylidene fluoride) for energy harvesting. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2020, 12(52): 58072.10.1021/acsami.0c16207 ↗
45. TABRIZ A G, KUOFIE H, SCOBLE J, et al. Selective laser sintering for printing pharmaceutical dosage forms. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 2023, 86: 104699.10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104699 ↗
46. SONG S P, HAN Y, LI Y J, et al. 3D printed piezoelectric porous structure with enhanced output performance and stress-electricity response for road energy harvesting. Additive Manufacturing, 2023, 72: 103625.10.1016/j.addma.2023.103625 ↗
47. LOW Z X, CHUA Y T, RAY B M, et al. Perspective on 3D printing of separation membranes and comparison to related unconventional fabrication techniques. Journal of Membrane Science, 2017, 523: 596.10.1016/j.memsci.2016.10.006 ↗
48. LIU H C, MUKHERJEE S, LIU Y, et al. Recent studies on electrospinning preparation of patterned, core-shell, and aligned scaffolds. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2018, 135(31): 45670.10.1002/app.46570 ↗
49. WANG A D, LIU J H, SHAO C K, et al. Electro-assisted 3D printing multi-layer PVDF/CaCl2 composite films and sensors. Coatings, 2022, 12(6): 820.10.3390/coatings12060820 ↗
50. CUI H C, HENSLEIGH R, YAO D S, et al. Three-dimensional printing of piezoelectric materials with designed anisotropy and directional response. Nature Materials, 2019, 18(3): 234.10.1038/s41563-018-0268-1 ↗
51. FEI J H, RONG Y J, ZHU L S, et al. Progress in photocurable 3D printing of photosensitive polyurethane: a review. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 2023, 44(18): 2300211.10.1002/marc.202300211 ↗
52. SMIRNOV A, CHUGUNOV S, KHOLODKOVA A, et al. Progress and challenges of 3D-printing technologies in the manufacturing of piezoceramics. Ceramics International, 2021, 47(8): 10478.10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.12.243 ↗
53. ALIQUE M, MOYA A, KREUZER M, et al. Controlled poling of a fully printed piezoelectric PVDF-TrFE device as a multifunctional platform with inkjet-printed silver electrodes. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 2022, 10(32): 11555.10.1039/D2TC01913B ↗
54. LI H, LI R H, FANG X T, et al. 3D printed flexible triboelectric nanogenerator with viscoelastic inks for mechanical energy harvesting. Nano Energy, 2019, 58: 447.10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.01.066 ↗
55. CHUNG M H, YOO S, KIM H J, et al. Enhanced output performance on LbL multilayer PVDF-TrFE piezoelectric films for charging supercapacitor. Scientific Reports, 2019, 9: 6581.10.1038/s41598-019-43098-6 ↗
56. LEE H, CHOI B. A multilayer PVDF composite cantilever in the Helmholtz resonator for energy harvesting from sound pressure. Smart Materials and Strutures, 2013, 22(11): 115025.10.1088/0964-1726/22/11/115025 ↗
57. JUNG W S, LEE M J, KANG M G, et al. Powerful curved piezoelectric generator for wearable applications. Nano Energy, 2015, 13: 174.10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.01.051 ↗
58. YUAN X T, GAO X Y, YANG J K, et al. The large piezoelectricity and high power density of a 3D-printed multilayer copolymer in a rugby ball-structured mechanical energy harvester. Energy & Environmental Science, 2020, 13(1): 152.10.1039/C9EE01785B ↗
59. BHATTA T, MAHARJAN P, CHO H O, et al. High-performance triboelectric nanogenerator based on Mxene functionalized polyvinylidene fluoride composite nanofibers. Nano Energy, 2021, 81: 105670.10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105670 ↗
60. KIM Y G, KIM K T, PARK S C, et al. Enhanced poling efficiency via a maximized organic-inorganic interfacial effect for water droplet-driven energy harvesting. Nano Energy, 2022, 98: 107238.10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107238 ↗
61. ZHENG Q F, ZHANG H L, MI H Y, et al. High-performance flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators consisting of porous cellulose nanofibril (CNF)/poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) aerogel films. Nano Energy, 2016, 26: 504.10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.06.009 ↗
62. YAN A, YUAN X T, LI Z M, et al. 3D-printed flexible, layered ceramic-polymer composite grid with integrated structural-self- sensing function. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 2021, 332: 113187.10.1016/j.sna.2021.113187 ↗
63. YUAN X T, GAO X Y, SHEN X Y, et al. A 3D-printed, alternatively tilt-polarized PVDF-TrFE polymer with enhanced piezoelectric effect for self-powered sensor application. Nano Energy, 2021, 85: 105985.10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.105985 ↗
64. LIU Y, DING L B, DAI L, et al. All-ceramic flexible piezoelectric energy harvester. Advanced Functional Materials, 2022, 32(52): 2209297.10.1002/adfm.202209297 ↗
65. ZHOU X R, PARIDA K, HALEVI O, et al. All 3D-printed stretchable piezoelectric nanogenerator with non-protruding kirigami structure. Nano Energy, 2020, 72: 104676.10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.104676 ↗
66. TIAN H G, SHAN X B, WANG H, et al. Enhanced piezoelectric energy harvesting performance using trailing-edge flap. Ocean Engineering, 2023, 285: 115443.10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.115443 ↗
67. PEI H R, XIE Y P, XIONG Y, et al. A novel polarization free 3D printing strategy for fabrication of poly(vinylidene fluoride) based nanocomposite piezoelectric energy harvester. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2021, 225: 109312.10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109312 ↗
68. CHEN F, AN Z M, CHEN Y H, et al. Multi-material 3D printing of piezoelectric and triboelectric integrated nanogenerators with voxel structure. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 471: 144770.10.1016/j.cej.2023.144770 ↗
69. PAWAR O Y, LIM S. 3D-Printed piezoelectric nanogenerator with aligned graphitic carbon nitrate nanosheets for enhancing piezoelectric performance. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2023, 654: 868.10.1016/j.jcis.2023.10.105 ↗
70. CHEN C F, CAI F X, ZHU Y, et al. 3D printing of electroactive PVDF thin films with high β-phase content. Smart Materials and Structures, 2019, 28(6): 065017.10.1088/1361-665X/ab15b7 ↗
71. SONG S P, LI Y J, WANG Q, et al. Boosting piezoelectric performance with a new selective laser sintering 3D printable PVDF/graphene nanocomposite. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2021, 147: 106452.10.1016/j.compositesa.2021.106452 ↗
72. SHUAI C J, LIU G F, YANG Y W, et al. A strawberry-like Ag- decorated barium titanate enhances piezoelectric and antibacterial activities of polymer scaffold. Nano Energy, 2020, 74: 104825.10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.104825 ↗
73. QI F W, ZENG Z C, YAO J, et al. Constructing core-shell structured BaTiO3 carbon boosts piezoelectric activity and cell response of polymer scaffolds. Biomaterials Advances, 2021, 126: 112129.10.1016/j.msec.2021.112129 ↗
74. LIU J F, SHANG Y H, SHAO Z Z, et al. Three-dimensional printing to translate simulation to architecting for three-dimensional high performance piezoelectric energy harvester. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2021, 61(1): 433.10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04433 ↗
75. LIU X G, SHANG Y H, LIU J F, et al. 3D printing-enabled in-situ orientation of BaTi2O5 nanorods in β-PVDF for high-efficiency piezoelectric energy harvesters. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2022, 14(11): 13361.10.1021/acsami.2c00443 ↗
76. HE L R, LU J, HAN C, et al. Electrohydrodynamic pulling consolidated high-efficiency 3D printing to architect unusual self-polarized β-PVDF arrays for advanced piezoelectric sensing. Small, 2022, 18(15): 2200114.10.1002/smll.202200114 ↗
77. LIU X G, LIU J F, HE L R, et al. 3D printed piezoelectric regulable cells with customized electromechanical response distribution for intelligent sensing. Advanced Functional Materials, 2022, 32(26): 2201274.10.1002/adfm.202201274 ↗
78. KIM H, TORRES F, WU Y Y, et al. Integrated 3D printing and corona poling process of PVDF piezoelectric films for pressure sensor application. Smart Materials and Structures, 2017, 26(8): 085027.10.1088/1361-665X/aa738e ↗
79. ZASZCZYŃSKA A, GRADYS A, SAJKIEWICZ P, et al. Progress in the applications of smart piezoelectric materials for medical devices. Polymers, 2020, 12(11): 2754.10.3390/polym12112754 ↗
80. MAAMER B, BOUGHAMOURA A, ELBAB A M R F, et al. A review on design improvements and techniques for mechanical energy harvesting using piezoelectric and electromagnetic schemes. Energy Conversion and Management, 2019, 199: 111973.10.1016/j.enconman.2019.111973 ↗
81. TAKAHASHI K, ONO K, ARAI H, et al. Detection of pathologic heart murmurs using a piezoelectric sensor. Sensors, 2021, 21(4): 1376.10.3390/s21041376 ↗
82. SAWANE M, PRASAD M. MEMS piezoelectric sensor for self- powered devices: a review. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, 2023, 158: 107324.10.1016/j.mssp.2023.107324 ↗
83. YANG X, MENG J S, WANG Y, et al. Novel formation of Bi@BiFe-glycolate hollow spheres and their conversion into Bi2O3/BiFeO3 composite hollow spheres with enhanced activity and durability in visible photocatalysis. New Journal of Chemistry, 2018, 42(13): 10697.10.1039/C8NJ00949J ↗
84. AZIMI S, ABOLHASANI A, MOOSAVI S M, et al. Development of a vehicle passage sensor based on a PVDF nanogenerator. ACS Applied Electronic Materials, 2021, 3(11): 4689.10.1021/acsaelm.1c00474 ↗
85. YAO D S, CUI H C, HENSLEIGH R, et al. Achieving the upper bound of piezoelectric response in tunable, wearable 3D printed nanocomposites. Advanced Functional Materials, 2019, 29(42): 1903866.10.1002/adfm.201903866 ↗
86. CACUCCIOLO V, SHINTAKE J, KUWAJIMA Y, et al. Stretchable pumps for soft machines. Nature, 2019, 572: 516.10.1038/s41586-019-1479-6 ↗
87. YANG T, PAN H, TIAN G, et al. Hierarchically structured PVDF/ZnO core-shell nanofibers for self-powered physiological monitoring electronics. Nano Energy, 2020, 72: 104706.10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.104706 ↗
88. LIANG X W, ZHAO T, JIANG W, et al. Highly transparent triboelectric nanogenerator utilizing in-situ chemically welded silver nanowire network as electrode for mechanical energy harvesting and body motion monitoring. Nano Energy, 2019, 59: 508.10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.02.071 ↗
89. GAUR A, TIWARI S, KUMAR C, et al. Flexible, lead-free nanogenerators using poly(vinylidene fluoride) nanocomposites. Energy & Fuels, 2020, 34(5): 6239.10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c01143 ↗
90. SU H X, WANG X B, LI C Y, et al. Enhanced energy harvesting ability of polydimethylsiloxane-BaTiO3-based flexible piezoelectric nanogenerator for tactile imitation application. Nano Energy, 2021, 83: 105809.10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.105809 ↗
91. QI F W, CHEN N, WANG Q. Preparation of PA11/BaTiO3nanocomposite powders with improved processability, dielectric and piezoelectric properties for use in selectivelaser sintering. Materials & Design, 2017, 131: 135.10.1016/j.matdes.2017.06.012 ↗
92. DENG W L, YANG T, JIN L, et al. Cowpea-structured PVDF/ZnO nanofibers based flexible self-powered piezoelectric bending motion sensor towards remote control of gestures. Nano Energy, 2019, 55: 516.10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.10.049 ↗
93. HUA Q L, SUN J L, LIU H T, et al. Skin-inspired highly stretchable and conformable matrix networks for multifunctional sensing. Nature Communications, 2018, 9: 244.10.1038/s41467-017-02685-9 ↗
94. CHENG Y, XU Y, QIAN Y, et al. 3D structured self-powered PVDF/PCL scaffolds for peripheral nerve regeneration. Nano Energy, 2020, 69: 104411.10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.104411 ↗
95. LIANG J C, ZENG H J, QIAO L, et al. 3D Printed piezoelectric wound dressing with dual piezoelectric response models for scar- prevention wound healing. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2022, 14(27): 30507.10.1021/acsami.2c04168 ↗