Scalable all-textile embedded electrode triboelectric nanogenerator: Hybrid single-electrode and contact-separation working functions for wearable body motion monitoring

Textile-based triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) hold considerable promise as sustainable power sources for wearable electronics, yet their seamless integration into everyday clothing remains a challenge. This paper introduces a scalable woven TENG structure that utilizes core−shell yarns composed of commercially available wool and polyester with an inner copper electrode. The device achieves notable performance with an output voltage of 18.5 V, a current of 3.7 µA, and a power density of 51 mW/m ² . The novel multilayer design combines hybrid single-electrode and contact-separation approaches, significantly enhancing triboelectric performance and the device’s durability. The multilayer functionality amplifies energy conversion efficiency by increasing the contact area and optimizing charge accumulation through multiple interacting layers. This advanced textile TENG is comfortable, flexible, and aesthetically pleasing while being compatible with large-scale textile manufacturing processes. It demonstrates excellent washability, durability under diverse weather conditions, and resilience to repeated mechanical loading. Highly responsive to a broad range of forces, from gentle taps to strong impacts, this TENG is versatile for body motion monitoring and wearable applications. It represents a significant advancement in creating practical, efficient, and durable energy-harvesting textiles, with promising applications in garment production for precise motion detection, such as for professional athletes and individuals requiring specialized monitoring.