Effect of Z-binding depths on the ballistic performance of 3D woven through-the-thickness angle-interlock fabrics in a multiply system

Lightweight armor with excellent protection against ballistic impacts are pursued by researchers worldwide. This paper systematically investigates the effect of the Z-binding depths on the ballistic performance and failure mechanisms of para-aramid 3D fabrics. Two types of 3D woven through-the-thickness angle-interlock fabrics were designed and fabricated in comparison to the 2D plain weave fabric. The ballistic tests and finite element simulation analyses were carried out based on a similar areal density of 5.2 kg/m ² by layering up the fabrics. According to the experimental results, the variability and cumulative probability of penetration of the 20-P are higher than that of the 3D fabric systems, resulting in a 2.5% higher ballistic limit V ₅₀ of 8-5 TA than 20-P. Fabric plies failed abruptly in the 2D system, while the 3D system showed a progressive failure mode. The Z-warps, configure through the thickness of the fabric, result in the projectile tumbling and deviating from its original direction. A larger binding depth can help to prolong the defending process, which will mobilize more yarns to resist the projectile impact. The back-face deformation is well constrained by the 3D fabrics. Due to the fact that the designed 3D woven fabrics are more moldable than the plain weave, it could be potential candidates for the engineering design of female bullet-proof vest interlining.