Development of bacterial cellulose nanocomposites: An overview of the synthesis of bacterial cellulose nanocomposites with metallic and metallic-oxide nanoparticles by different methods and techniques for biomedical applications

Bacterial cellulose is the three-dimensional network structure of nanofibers. The bacterial cellulose materials have outstanding characteristics of high surface area and high crystallinity (84%–89%). It has greater compatibility with the degree of polymerization and has excellent mechanical properties. The water-holding capacity of bacterial cellulose (over 100 ti) makes it stand out from other cellulose materials. This is because bacterial cellulose has high purity due to a lack of lignin and hemicellulose. Bacterial cellulose is considered as a non-cytotoxic, non-genotoxic, and highly biocompatible material, which has broad appeal in the medical field and has attracted widespread attention. The proposed review summarizes the microbial effects of enlisting bacterial strains with carbon sources, and culture media on bacterial cellulose production. In addition, it provides a variety of physical and chemical methods that can be used to modify bacterial cellulose with metal and metal oxide nanoparticles; like the common structure of zinc oxide/bacterial cellulose represent antibacterial characteristics against C.freundii, S.aureus, E.coli, and P.aeruginosa with 90.9%, 94.3%, 90.0%, and 87.4% strength respectively. The wound healing properties of such metallic oxide structure with bacterial cellulose presents the characteristics, which confirms its application in 66% of strength, especially for bionic designs for medical applications, including wound healing and artificial skin, vascular and neurosurgical covering materials, dural prosthesis, arterial stent coating, cartilage, bone repair grafts, and biomedicines. Because of the further exposure of value-added medical material application, our review ends with challenges and perspectives in the production of bacterial cellulose nanocomposite.