Multiscale Nanocellulosic Biomaterials in Therapeutics and Food Sciences

Multiscale nanocellulosic biomaterials (MsNcBs)—including cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC)—are revolutionizing therapeutic and food sciences. This review highlights their fundamental and extraordinary physicochemical properties, which provide a solid foundation for advancements in the field. These properties include a high surface‐to‐volume ratio, excellent mechanical strength and stiffness, and naturally adjustable morphology and functionality, as well as excellent biocompatibility, biodegradation, and sustainable origin. We also examine their numerous applications in therapeutics, such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, and wound healing, as well as their growing presence throughout food sciences as stabilizers, thickeners, and 'smart’ packaging materials. The comparison reveals the unique characteristics and opportunities offered by CNCs, CNFs, and BNCs and provides guidance for an informed selection of different types of nanocellulose for various applications. In addition, cutting‐edge trends, such as advanced functionalization strategies, integrated hybrid nanomaterial systems, and the key issues related to industrial scale‐up and commercialization, are discussed. We also discuss the disruptive potential of MsNcBs and identify key future research directions that should be addressed to fully realize their potential, especially in therapeutics and food sciences.