Robust Power Law Extrapolation for Adhesive Anchors under Sustained Load
Source abstract
Abstract
Post-installed adhesive anchors play an important role in modern construction. As with many structural products, adhesive anchors must undergo rigorous testing to verify serviceability and ultimate performance characteristics under job-site-relevant conditions before being used in real projects. The check of long-term performance under sustained load is based on extrapolation from experimental short-term creep data approximating the creep mechanism of the entire anchor system with a power law model as detailed, for example, in ACI 355.4 and ETAG 001. These normative guidelines are critically reviewed from a scientific as well as practical point of view. Based on the presented evidence, specific recommendations for anchor testing and assessment guidelines are proposed.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Structural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete · Concrete Corrosion and Durability · Structural Load-Bearing Analysis
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (49)
Show source-provided references
1. Hofmann, J., “Sustained Loading of Bonded Anchors,” presented at the Christian Doppler Expert Workshop on Fastenings under Sustained Loads, Wien, Austria, 2016.
2. Findley, W. N., “26-Year Creep and Recovery of Poly (Vinyl Chloride) and polyethylene,” Polymer Engineering and Science, V. 27, No. 8, 1987, pp. 582-585. doi: 10.1002/pen.76027080910.1002/pen.760270809 ↗
3. NTSB, “Highway Accident Report: Ceiling Collapse in the Interstate 90 Connector Tunnel at Boston, Massachusetts, July 10, 2006,” National Transportation Safety Board, Washington, DC, 2007.
4. Kawahara, S.; Shirato, M.; Kajifusa, N.; Kutsukake, T.; and Associates, “Investigation of the Tunnel Ceiling Collapse in the Central Expressway in Japan,” Transportation Research Board 93rd Annual Meeting, 2014.
5. Cook, R.; Douglas, E.; and Davis, T., “Adhesive Anchors in Concrete Under Sustained Loading Conditions,” NCHRP Report 639, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2009.
6. Cook, R. A.; Douglas, E. P.; Davis, T. M.; and Liu, C., “Long-Term Performance of Epoxy Adhesive Anchor Systems,” NCHRP Report 757, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2013.10.17226/22470 ↗
7. Cook, R. A.; Douglas, E. P.; and Davis, T. M., “Adhesive Anchors in Concrete under Sustained Loading Conditions,” NCHRP Report 639, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2009.
8. Cook, R. A.; Eligehausen, R.; and Appl, J. J., “Overview: Behavior of Adhesive Bonded Anchors,” Beton- und Stahlbetonbau, V. 102, 2007, pp. 16-21. doi: 10.1002/best.20071010710.1002/best.200710107 ↗
9. Nilforoush, R., “Anchorage in Concrete Structures, Numerical and Experimental Evaluations of Load-Carrying Capacity of Cast-in-Place Headed Anchors and Post-Installed Adhesive Anchors,” dissertation, Lulea University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden, 2017.
10. Wendner, R.; Marcon, M.; and Boumakis, G., “Long-Term Deformations of Fastening Systems under Sustained Loads,” presented at the EMI 2016, Nashville, TN, 2016.
11. ICC Evaluation Service, “Acceptance Criteria for Adhesive Anchors in Masonry Elements (ICC-ES AC58),” 2010.
12. ACI Committee 355, “Qualification of Post-Installed Adhesive Anchors in Concrete (ACI 355.4-11),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2011, 55 pp.
13. EOTA, “Metal Anchors for use in Concrete, Bonded Anchors (ETAG 001-5),” European Organisation for Technical Approvals, Brussels, Belgium, 2008.
14. ASTM E1512-01(2015), “Standard Test Methods for Testing Bond Performance of Bonded Anchors,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2015, 5 pp.
15. Bažant, Z. P., and Asghari, A. A., “Constitutive Law for Nonlinear Creep of Concrete,” Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, V. 103, No. 1, 1977, pp. 113-124.10.1061/JMCEA3.0002198 ↗
16. Kim, K., and Bažant, Z. P., “Creep Design Aid: Open-Source Website Program for Concrete Creep and Shrinkage Prediction,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 111, No. 4, July-Aug. 2014, pp. 423-432. doi: 10.14359/5168672410.14359/51686724 ↗
17. Bažant, Z. P.; Hubler, M. H.; and Yu, Q., “Pervasiveness of Excessive Segmental Bridge Deflections: Wake-up Call for Creep,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 108, No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 2011, pp. 766-774.10.14359/51683375 ↗
18. Brooks, J. J., “30-year Creep and Shrinkage of Concrete,” Magazine of Concrete Research, V. 57, No. 9, 2005, pp. 545-556. doi: 10.1680/macr.2005.57.9.54510.1680/macr.2005.57.9.545 ↗
19. Hubler, M. H.; Wendner, R.; and Bažant, Z. P., “Comprehensive Database for Concrete Creep and Shrinkage: Analysis and Recommendations for Testing and Recording,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 112, No. 4, July-Aug. 2015, pp. 547-558. doi: 10.14359/5168745310.14359/51687453 ↗
20. Shahidi, M.; Pichler, B.; and Hellmich, C., “Viscous Interfaces as Source for Material Creep: A Continuum Micromechanics Approach,” European Journal of Mechanics. A, Solids, V. 45, 2014, pp. 41-58. doi: 10.1016/j.euromechsol.2013.11.00110.1016/j.euromechsol.2013.11.001 ↗
21. Shahidi, M.; Pichler, B.; Wendner, R.; Scheiner, S.; and Hellmich, C., “Interfacial Micromechanics Assessment of Rheological Chain Models and Their Application to Early-Age Creep of Concrete,” Concreep 10, 2015.10.1061/9780784479346.030 ↗
22. Karte, P.; Hlobil, M.; Reihsner, R.; Dörner, W.; Lahayne, O.; Eberhardsteiner, J.; and Pichler, B., “Unloading-Based Stiffness Characterisation of Cement Pastes During the Second, Third and Fourth Day After Production,” Strain, V. 51, No. 2, 2015, pp. 156-169. doi: 10.1111/str.1212910.1111/str.12129 ↗
23. fib, fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010. Berlin: International Federation for Structural Concrete, 2013.10.1002/9783433604090 ↗
24. Bažant, Z. P.; Hubler, M. H.; and Wendner, R., “RILEM Draft Recommendation: TC-242-MDC Multi-Decade Creep and Shrinkage of Concrete: Material Model and Structural Analysis*,” Materials and Structures, V. 48, No. 4, 2015, pp. 753-770. doi: 10.1617/s11527-014-0485-210.1617/s11527-014-0485-2 ↗
25. Hubler, M. H.; Wendner, R.; and Bažant, Z. P., “Statistical Justification of Model B4 for Drying and Autogenous Shrinkage of Concrete and Comparisons to Other Models,” Materials and Structures, V. 48, No. 4, 2015, pp. 797-814. doi: 10.1617/s11527-014-0516-z10.1617/s11527-014-0516-z ↗
26. Wendner, R.; Hubler, M. H.; and Bažant, Z. P., “Optimization Method, Choice of Form and Uncertainty Quantification of Model B4 Using Laboratory and Multi-Decade Bridge Databases,” Materials and Structures, V. 48, No. 4, 2015, pp. 771-796. doi: 10.1617/s11527-014-0515-010.1617/s11527-014-0515-0 ↗
27. Wendner, R.; Hubler, M. H.; and Bažant, Z. P., “Statistical Justification of Model B4 for Multi-Decade Concrete Creep Using Laboratory and Bridge Databases and Comparisons to Other Models,” Materials and Structures, V. 48, No. 4, 2015, pp. 815-833. doi: 10.1617/s11527-014-0486-110.1617/s11527-014-0486-1 ↗
28. Vandamme, M., and Ulm, F.-J., “Nanoindentation Investigation of Creep Properties of Calcium Silicate Hydrates,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 52, 2013, pp. 38-52. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.05.00610.1016/j.cemconres.2013.05.006 ↗
29. Bazant, Z. P., and Kim, S.-S., “Nonlinear Creep of Concrete—Adaptation And Flow,” Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, V. 105, No. 3, 1979, pp. 429-446.10.1061/JMCEA3.0002483 ↗
30. Jirásek, M., and Bažant, Z. P., Inelastic Analysis of Structures, first edition, J. Wiley & Sons, London, UK, 2002.
31. Findley, W. N.; Lai, J. S.; and Onaran, K., Creep and Relaxation of Nonlinear Viscoelastic Materials, with an Introduction to Linear Viscoelasticity, North-Holland Pub. Co., Amsterdam, New York, 1976.
32. Wendner, R.; Nincevic, K.; Boumakis, I.; and Wan, L., “Age-Dependent Lattice Discrete Particle Model for Quasi-Static Simulations,” Key Engineering Materials, V. 711, 2016, pp. 1090-1097. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.711.109010.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.711.1090 ↗
33. Janouchová, E.; Kucerová, A.; Sỳkora, J.; Vorel, J.; and Wendner, R., “Bayesian Calibration of Lattice Discrete Particle Model for Concrete,” The 7th International Workshop on Reliable Engineering Computing (REC2016), Bochum, Germany, 2016.
34. Boumakis, G.; Shahidi, M.; Marcon, M.; Vorel, J.; and Wendner, R., “Simulation of Long-Term Deformations in Fastening Systems: Multi-Physics Framework,” ECCOMAS Congress2016, Crete Island, Greece, 2016, pp. 5–10.
35. Podroužek, J.; Strauss, A.; and Bergmeister, K., “Robustness-Based Performance Assessment of a Prestressed Concrete Bridge,” Structural Concrete, V. 15, No. 2, 2014, pp. 248-257. doi: 10.1002/suco.20130000210.1002/suco.201300002 ↗
36. Boumakis, I.; Marcon, M.; Nincevic, K.; Czernuschka, L. M.; and Wan-Wendner, R., “Concrete Creep Effect on Bond Stress in Adhesive Fastening Systems,” presented at the CONSC 3, Stuttgart, Germany, 2017.
37. Yang, M.; Thota, M.; and Zhao, Y., “Creep Design of Epoxy Bonded Anchor System,” Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, V. 22, No. 3, 2015, pp. 159-167. doi: 10.1080/15376494.2012.72329910.1080/15376494.2012.723299 ↗
38. Manickam, C.; Kumar, J.; Athijayamani, A.; and Karthik, K., “Modeling and Multi-response Optimization of the Mechanical Properties of Roselle Fiber-Reinforced Vinyl Ester Composite,” Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, V. 54, No. 16, 2015, pp. 1694-1703. doi: 10.1080/03602559.2015.103643810.1080/03602559.2015.1036438 ↗
39. Kränkel, T.; Lowke, D.; and Gehlen, C., “Prediction of the Creep Behaviour of Bonded Anchors until Failure—A Rheological Approach,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 75, Jan, 2015, pp. 458-464. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.11.04810.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.11.048 ↗
40. Nilforoush, R.; Nilsson, M.; Söderlind, G.; and Elfgren, L., “Long-Term Performance of Adhesive Bonded Anchors,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 113, No. 2, Mar.-Apr. 2016, pp. 251-261 doi: 10.14359/5168806010.14359/51688060 ↗
41. Davis, T. M., and Cook, R. A., “Stress Versus Time-To-Failure Test Method for Evaluating the Sustained Load Performance of Adhesive Anchor Systems in Concrete,” Understanding Adhesive Anchors: Behavior, Materials, Installation, Design, SP-283, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2012, pp. 1-12.
42. Bažant, Z. P., and Chern, J.-C., “Log Double Power Law for Concrete Creep,” ACI Journal Proceedings, V. 82, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 1985, pp. 665-675.10.14359/10377 ↗
43. Bažant, Z. P.; Chern, J.-C.; and Wu, Y.-G., “Basic Creep Formula for Aging Concrete. Sinh-Double Power Law,” Cement, Concrete and Aggregates, V. 11, No. 2, 1989, pp. 85-91. doi: 10.1520/CCA10108J10.1520/CCA10108J ↗
44. Wassermann, L., All of Nonparametric Statistics, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 2006.
45. Bažant, Z. P., and Wittman, F. H., “Mathematical Models for Creep and Shrinkage of Concrete,” Creep and Shrinkage in Concrete Structures, Z. P. Bažant and F. H. Wittman, eds., John Wiley & Sons, London, UK, 1982, pp. 163-256.
46. Bažant, Z. P., and Panula, L., “Practical Prediction of Time-Dependent Deformations of Concrete. Part II, Basic Creep,” Materials and Structures, V. 11, No. 5, 1978, pp. 317-328.10.1007/BF02473873 ↗
47. Yu, Q., and Bažant, Z. P., “Can Stirrups Suppress Size Effect on Shear Strength of RC Beams?” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 137, No. 5, 2011, pp. 607-617. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.000029510.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000295 ↗
48. Yu, Q.; Le, J.-L.; Hubler, M. H.; Wendner, R.; Cusatis, G.; and Bazant, Z., “Comparison of Main Models for Size Effect on Shear Strength of Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Beams,” Structural Concrete, V. 17, No. 5, 2016, pp. 778-789. doi: 10.1002/suco.20150012610.1002/suco.201500126 ↗
49. Ocel, J. M.; Hartmann, J. L.; and Fuchs, P., “I-90 Seaport Portal Tunnel Partial Ceiling Collapse Investigation: Sustained Load Behavior of Powers Fasteners Power-Fast+ Adhesive Anchors,” Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center Report, McLean, VA, 2007, 94 pp.