Polymer-based smart fibers and textiles for wearable electronics
Source abstract
Abstract
Smart fibers and textiles have attracted considerable interest for application in wearable devices because of their advantages of being human-friendly, lightweight, flexible, and comfortable. In addition, they are considered to have potential applications in health monitoring, energy management, and human-machine interaction systems. Polymers and polymer fibers, with excellent mechanical strength, wrinkle resistance, and heat resistance, are widely used to fabricate smart fibers and textiles. Herein, a comprehensive overview of polymer-based fibers and textiles is provided. First, we review the design principles of various polymer-based smart textiles, including textile-based sensors, energy capture and storage textiles, and computation and display textiles. Next, materials used for preparing polymer-based smart fibers, such as metals, carbon-based materials, and natural and synthetic polymers, particularly conductive polymers, are summarized. In addition, this review summarizes key technologies used for preparing smart fibers and the conventional structures of smart textiles. Furthermore, the applications of smart textiles in personal health monitoring, thermal management, energy capture and storage, and computation and displays are discussed. Finally, the current challenges, limitations, and future trends of smart fibers and textiles are discussed.
Source: expertdata · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials · Conducting polymers and applications · Green IT and Sustainability
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Krishnan S R, Ray T R, Ayer A B, et al. Epidermal electronics for noninvasive, wireless, quantitative assessment of ventricular shunt function in patients with hydrocephalus. Sci Transl Med, 2018, 10: eaat843710.1126/scitranslmed.aat8437 ↗
2. Li P, Lee G H, Kim S Y, et al. From diagnosis to treatment: Recent advances in patient-friendly biosensors and implantable devices. ACS Nano, 2021, 15: 1960–200410.1021/acsnano.0c06688 ↗
3. Chen K, Li Y, Yang G, et al. Fabric-based TENG woven with biofabricated superhydrophobic bacterial cellulose fiber for energy harvesting and motion detection. Adv Funct Mater, 2023, 33: 230480910.1002/adfm.202304809 ↗
4. Ma Y, Zhang Y, Cai S, et al. Flexible hybrid electronics for digital healthcare. Adv Mater, 2020, 32: e190206210.1002/adma.201902062 ↗
5. Sazonov E, Daoud W A. Grand challenges in wearable electronics. Front Electron, 2021, 2: 66861910.3389/felec.2021.668619 ↗
6. Shi Q, Dong B, He T, et al. Progress in wearable electronics/photonics—Moving toward the era of artificial intelligence and internet of things. InfoMat, 2020, 2: 1131–116210.1002/inf2.12122 ↗
7. Zeng W, Shu L, Li Q, et al. Fiber-based wearable electronics: A review of materials, fabrication, devices, and applications. Adv Mater, 2014, 26: 5310–533610.1002/adma.201400633 ↗
8. Rajappan A, Jumet B, Shveda R A, et al. Logic-enabled textiles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2022, 119: e220211811910.1073/pnas.2202118119 ↗
9. Wang H, Zhang Y, Liang X, et al. Smart fibers and textiles for personal health management. ACS Nano, 2021, 15: 12497–1250810.1021/acsnano.1c06230 ↗
10. He H, Qin Y, Zhu Z, et al. Temperature-arousing self-powered fire warning e-textile based on p-n segment coaxial aerogel fibers for active fire protection in firefighting clothing. Nano-Micro Lett, 2023, 15: 22610.1007/s40820-023-01200-8 ↗
11. Fan W, Li C, Li X, et al. Highly sensitive fabric sensors based on scale-like wool fiber for multifunctional health monitoring. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2023, 15: 28806–2881610.1021/acsami.3c03629 ↗
12. Libanori A, Chen G, Zhao X, et al. Smart textiles for personalized healthcare. Nat Electron, 2022, 5: 142–15610.1038/s41928-022-00723-z ↗
13. Ha H, Suryaprabha T, Choi C, et al. Recent research trends in textile-based temperature sensors: A mini review. Nanotechnology, 2023, 34: 42200110.1088/1361-6528/ace913 ↗
14. Yan W, Noel G, Loke G, et al. Single fibre enables acoustic fabrics via nanometre-scale vibrations. Nature, 2022, 603: 616–62310.1038/s41586-022-04476-9 ↗
15. Angelucci A, Cavicchioli M, Cintorrino I, et al. Smart textiles and sensorized garments for physiological monitoring: A review of available solutions and techniques. Sensors, 2021, 21: 81410.3390/s21030814 ↗
16. Zhu M, Shi Q, He T, et al. Self-powered and self-functional cotton sock using piezoelectric and triboelectric hybrid mechanism for healthcare and sports monitoring. ACS Nano, 2019, 13: 1940
17. Peng Y, Cui Y. Advanced textiles for personal thermal management and energy. Joule, 2020, 4: 724–74210.1016/j.joule.2020.02.011 ↗
18. Ma W, Zhang Y, Pan S, et al. Smart fibers for energy conversion and storage. Chem Soc Rev, 2021, 50: 7009–706110.1039/D0CS01603A ↗
19. Zhang H, Wang Z, Wang Z, et al. Recent progress of fiber-based transistors: materials, structures and applications. Front Optoelectron, 2022, 15: 210.1007/s12200-022-00002-x ↗
20. Zhang J, Bao L, Lou H, et al. Flexible and stretchable mechanoluminescent fiber and fabric. J Mater Chem C, 2017, 5: 8027–803210.1039/C7TC02428B ↗
21. Zhai W, Zhu Z, Sun X, et al. Fiber solar cells from high performances towards real applications. Adv Fiber Mater, 2022, 4: 1293–130310.1007/s42765-022-00184-1 ↗
22. Man Z, Zhu X, Ye S, et al. Recent advances and future perspectives of fiber-shaped batteries. Energy Fuels, 2022, 36: 9866–988110.1021/acs.energyfuels.2c01835 ↗
23. Wu R, Ma L, Liu X Y. From mesoscopic functionalization of silk fibroin to smart fiber devices for textile electronics and photonics. Adv Sci, 2022, 9: e210398110.1002/advs.202103981 ↗
24. Gomez-Campos A, Vialle C, Rouilly A, et al. Flax fiber for technical textile: A life cycle inventory. J Clean Prod, 2021, 281: 12517710.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125177 ↗
25. Bevilacqua M, Ciarapica F E, Mazzuto G, et al. Environmental analysis of a cotton yarn supply chain. J Clean Prod, 2014, 82: 154–16510.1016/j.jclepro.2014.06.082 ↗
26. Zhang X, Li T T, Jiang Q, et al. Worm-like PEDOT:Tos coated polypropylene fabrics via low-temperature interfacial polymerization for high-efficiency thermoelectric textile. Prog Org Coat, 2020, 149: 10591910.1016/j.porgcoat.2020.105919 ↗
27. Egan J, Salmon S. Strategies and progress in synthetic textile fiber biodegradability. SN Appl Sci, 2021, 4: 2210.1007/s42452-021-04851-7 ↗
28. Patwary M A S, Surid S M, Gafur M A. Properties and applications of biodegradable polymers. J Res Updat Polym Sci, 2020, 9: 32–4110.6000/1929-5995.2020.09.03 ↗
29. de Smet D, Wéry M, Uyttendaele W, et al. Bio-based waterborne PU for durable textile coatings. Polymers, 2021, 13: 422910.3390/polym13234229 ↗
30. O’Connor B, An K H, Zhao Y, et al. Fiber shaped light emitting device. Adv Mater, 2007, 19: 3897–390010.1002/adma.200700627 ↗
31. He J, Lu C, Jiang H, et al. Scalable production of high-performing woven lithium-ion fibre batteries. Nature, 2021, 597: 57–6310.1038/s41586-021-03772-0 ↗
32. Hu S, Han J, Shi Z, et al. Biodegradable, super-strong, and conductive cellulose macrofibers for fabric-based triboelectric nanogenerator. Nano-Micro Lett, 2022, 14: 11510.1007/s40820-022-00858-w ↗
33. Li Y, Peng H, Peng Y, et al. Thermoplastic and electrically conductive fibers for highly stretchable and sensitive strain sensors. ACS Appl Polym Mater, 2022, 4: 8795–880210.1021/acsapm.2c01199 ↗
34. Wei L, Wang S, Shan M, et al. Conductive fibers for biomedical applications. Bioact Mater, 2023, 22: 343–364
35. Wen N, Fan Z, Yang S, et al. Highly conductive, ultra-flexible and continuously processable PEDOT:PSS fibers with high thermoelectric properties for wearable energy harvesting. Nano Energy, 2020, 78: 10536110.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105361 ↗
36. He M, Tang J, Wang Y, et al. Preparation and properties of PANI/PI composite fabrics with conductive nanofiber network structure. Polymer, 2022, 240: 12449810.1016/j.polymer.2021.124498 ↗
37. Xu Z, Wu M, Ye Q, et al. Spinning from nature: Engineered preparation and application of high-performance bio-based fibers. Engineering, 2022, 14: 100–11210.1016/j.eng.2021.06.030 ↗
38. Dong K, Peng X, Wang Z L. Fiber/fabric-based piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators for flexible/stretchable and wearable electronics and artificial intelligence. Adv Mater, 2019, 32: 190254910.1002/adma.201902549 ↗
39. Liu L, Xu W, Ding Y, et al. A review of smart electrospun fibers toward textiles. Compos Commun, 2020, 22: 10050610.1016/j.coco.2020.100506 ↗
40. Hu W, Wei X, Zhu L, et al. Enhancing proliferation and migration of fibroblast cells by electric stimulation based on triboelectric nanogenerator. Nano Energy, 2019, 57: 600–60710.1016/j.nanoen.2018.12.077 ↗
41. Ryu J, Kim J, Oh J, et al. Intrinsically stretchable multi-functional fiber with energy harvesting and strain sensing capability. Nano Energy, 2019, 55: 348–35310.1016/j.nanoen.2018.10.071 ↗
42. Zhou X, Xu X, Zuo Y, et al. A fiber-shaped light-emitting pressure sensor for visualized dynamic monitoring. J Mater Chem C, 2020, 8: 935–94210.1039/C9TC05653J ↗
43. Egusa S, Wang Z, Chocat N, et al. Multimaterial piezoelectric fibres. Nat Mater, 2010, 9: 643–64810.1038/nmat2792 ↗
44. Hong Y, Cheng X L, Liu G J, et al. One-step production of continuous supercapacitor fibers for a flexible power textile. Chin J Polym Sci, 2019, 37: 737–74310.1007/s10118-019-2301-5 ↗
45. Zhou X, Wang Z, Xiong T, et al. Fiber crossbars: An emerging architecture of smart electronic textiles. Adv Mater, 2023, 35: e230057610.1002/adma.202300576 ↗
46. Choi S, Kwon S, Kim H, et al. Highly flexible and efficient fabric-based organic light-emitting devices for clothing-shaped wearable displays. Sci Rep, 2017, 7: 642410.1038/s41598-017-06733-8 ↗
47. Zhang L, Yu Y, Eyer G P, et al. All-textile triboelectric generator compatible with traditional textile process. Adv Mater Tech, 2016, 1: 160014710.1002/admt.201600147 ↗
48. Yin J, Wang S, Di Carlo A, et al. Smart textiles for self-powered biomonitoring. Med-X, 2023, 1: 310.1007/s44258-023-00001-3 ↗
49. Hu Y, Zheng Z. Progress in textile-based triboelectric nanogenerators for smart fabrics. Nano Energy, 2019, 56: 16–2410.1016/j.nanoen.2018.11.025 ↗
50. Liu S, Zhang W, He J, et al. Fabrication techniques and sensing mechanisms of textile-based strain sensors: From spatial 1D and 2D perspectives. Adv Fiber Mater, 2023, 6: 36–6710.1007/s42765-023-00338-9 ↗
51. Islam G M N, Ali A, Collie S. Textile sensors for wearable applications: A comprehensive review. Cellulose, 2020, 27: 6103–613110.1007/s10570-020-03215-5 ↗
52. Zhou Z, Chen N, Zhong H, et al. Textile-based mechanical sensors: A review. Materials, 2021, 14: 607310.3390/ma14206073 ↗
53. Husain M D, Kennon R, Dias T. Design and fabrication of temperature sensing fabric. J Indust Text, 2013, 44: 398–41710.1177/1528083713495249 ↗
54. Ma L, Wu R, Patil A, et al. Full-textile wireless flexible humidity sensor for human physiological monitoring. Adv Funct Mater, 2019, 29: 190454910.1002/adfm.201904549 ↗
55. Hatamie A, Angizi S, Kumar S, et al. Review—Textile based chemical and physical sensors for healthcare monitoring. J Electrochem Soc, 2020, 167: 03754610.1149/1945-7111/ab6827 ↗
56. Li Z, Mi B, Ma X, et al. Review of thin-film resistor sensors: Exploring materials, classification, and preparation techniques. Chem Eng J, 2023, 477: 14702910.1016/j.cej.2023.147029 ↗
57. Wang J, Lu C, Zhang K. Textile-based strain sensor for human motion detection. Energy Environ Mater, 2020, 3: 80–10010.1002/eem2.12041 ↗
58. Shi J, Liu S, Zhang L, et al. Smart textile-integrated microelectronic systems for wearable applications. Adv Mater, 2019, 32: 190195810.1002/adma.201901958 ↗
59. Song J, Chen S, Sun L, et al. Mechanically and electronically robust transparent organohydrogel fibers. Adv Mater, 2020, 32: e190699410.1002/adma.201906994 ↗
60. Sun L, Huang H, Ding Q, et al. Highly transparent, stretchable, and self-healable ionogel for multifunctional sensors, triboelectric nanogenerator, and wearable fibrous electronics. Adv Fiber Mater, 2021, 4: 98–10710.1007/s42765-021-00086-8 ↗
61. Sun L, Huang H, Zhang L, et al. Spider-silk-inspired tough, self-healing, and melt-spinnable ionogels. Adv Sci, 2024, 11: e230569710.1002/advs.202305697 ↗
62. Wang L, Zhang M, Yang B, et al. Lightweight, robust, conductive composite fibers based on MXene@aramid nanofibers as sensors for smart fabrics. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2021, 13: 41933–4194510.1021/acsami.1c13645 ↗
63. He Z, Zhou G, Oh Y, et al. Ultrafast, highly sensitive, flexible textile-based humidity sensors made of nanocomposite filaments. Mater Today Nano, 2022, 18: 10021410.1016/j.mtnano.2022.100214 ↗
64. Yang Q, Liu N, Yin J, et al. Understanding the origin of tensile response in a graphene textile strain sensor with negative differential resistance. ACS Nano, 2022, 16: 14230–1423810.1021/acsnano.2c04348 ↗
65. Lu D, Liao S, Chu Y, et al. Highly durable and fast response fabric strain sensor for movement monitoring under extreme conditions. Adv Fiber Mater, 2022, 5: 223–23410.1007/s42765-022-00211-1 ↗
66. Clevenger M, Kim H, Song H W, et al. Binder-free printed PEDOT wearable sensors on everyday fabrics using oxidative chemical vapor deposition. Sci Adv, 2021, 7: eabj895810.1126/sciadv.abj8958 ↗
67. Chen M, Xu L, Liu Y, et al. An all-fabric tactile-sensing keypad with uni-modal and ultrafast response/recovery time for smart clothing applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2022, 14: 24946–2495410.1021/acsami.2c04246 ↗
68. Yang J, Rong L, Huang W, et al. Flame-retardant, flexible, and breathable smart humidity sensing fabrics based on hydrogels for respiratory monitoring and non-contact sensing. View, 2023, 4: 2022006010.1002/VIW.20220060 ↗
69. Zhou R, Li J, Jiang H, et al. Highly transparent humidity sensor with thin cellulose acetate butyrate and hydrophobic AF1600X vapor permeating layers fabricated by screen printing. Sens Actuat B-Chem, 2019, 281: 212–22010.1016/j.snb.2018.10.061 ↗
70. Zhao Y, Tong R, Chen M Q, et al. Relative humidity sensor based on hollow core fiber filled with GQDs-PVA. Sens Actuat B-Chem, 2019, 284: 96–10210.1016/j.snb.2018.12.130 ↗
71. Lu W, Zhang Q, Liu N, et al. Nylon fabric/Go based self-powered humidity sensor based on the galvanic cell principle with high air permeability and rapid-response. Small, 2024, 20: 230646310.1002/smll.202306463 ↗
72. Xu L, Zhai H, Chen X, et al. Coolmax/graphene-oxide functionalized textile humidity sensor with ultrafast response for human activities monitoring. Chem Eng J, 2021, 412: 12863910.1016/j.cej.2021.128639 ↗
73. Hussain M, Hasnain S, Khan N A, et al. Design and fabrication of a fast response resistive-type humidity sensor using polypyrrole (ppy) polymer thin film structures. Polymers, 2021, 13: 301910.3390/polym13183019 ↗
74. Wang Y, Zhu M, Wei X, et al. A dual-mode electronic skin textile for pressure and temperature sensing. Chem Eng J, 2021, 425: 13059910.1016/j.cej.2021.130599 ↗
75. Gu Y, Li Y, Shaw A. Development and performance of flexible temperature-sensing fabric. J Text Inst, 2021, 113: 2770–277710.1080/00405000.2021.2013398 ↗
76. Nag A, Simorangkir R B V B, Gawade D R, et al. Graphene-based wearable temperature sensors: A review. Mater Des, 2022, 221: 11097110.1016/j.matdes.2022.110971 ↗
77. Cui Y, He X, Liu W, et al. Highly stretchable, sensitive, and multifunctional thermoelectric fabric for synergistic-sensing systems of human signal monitoring. Adv Fiber Mater, 2023, 6: 170–18010.1007/s42765-023-00339-8 ↗
78. Lee J, Kim D W, Chun S, et al. Intrinsically strain-insensitive, hyperelastic temperature-sensing fiber with compressed micro-wrinkles for integrated textronics. Adv Mater Tech, 2020, 5: 200007310.1002/admt.202000073 ↗
79. Sibinski M, Jakubowska M, Sloma M. Flexible temperature sensors on fibers. Sensors, 2010, 10: 7934–794610.3390/s100907934 ↗
80. Montazerian H, Rashidi A, Dalili A, et al. Graphene-coated spandex sensors embedded into silicone sheath for composites health monitoring and wearable applications. Small, 2019, 15: e180499110.1002/smll.201804991 ↗
81. Chen L, Lu M, Yang H, et al. Textile-based capacitive sensor for physical rehabilitation via surface topological modification. ACS Nano, 2020, 14: 8191–820110.1021/acsnano.0c01643 ↗
82. Ye X, Tian M, Li M, et al. All-fabric-based flexible capacitive sensors with pressure detection and non-contact instruction capability. Coatings, 2022, 12: 30210.3390/coatings12030302 ↗
83. Zhang C, Ouyang W, Zhang L, et al. A dual-mode fiber-shaped flexible capacitive strain sensor fabricated by direct ink writing technology for wearable and implantable health monitoring applications. Microsyst Nanoeng, 2023, 9: 15810.1038/s41378-023-00634-9 ↗
84. Guo X, Huang Y, Cai X, et al. Capacitive wearable tactile sensor based on smart textile substrate with carbon black /silicone rubber composite dielectric. Meas Sci Tech, 2016, 27: 04510510.1088/0957-0233/27/4/045105 ↗
85. Vu C C, Kim J. Highly elastic capacitive pressure sensor based on smart textiles for full-range human motion monitoring. Sens Actuat A-Phys, 2020, 314: 11202910.1016/j.sna.2020.112029 ↗
86. Wu Y, Ma Y, Zheng H, et al. Piezoelectric materials for flexible and wearable electronics: A review. Mater Des, 2021, 211: 11016410.1016/j.matdes.2021.110164 ↗
87. Zhou P, Zheng Z, Wang B, et al. Self-powered flexible piezoelectric sensors based on self-assembled 10 nm BaTiO3 nanocubes on glass fiber fabric. Nano Energy, 2022, 99: 10740010.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107400 ↗
88. Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang L, et al. A fiber-shaped aqueous lithium ion battery with high power density. J Mater Chem A, 2016, 4: 9002–900810.1039/C6TA03477B ↗
89. Oh H J, Kim D K, Choi Y C, et al. Fabrication of piezoelectric poly (l-lactic acid)/BaTiO3 fibre by the melt-spinning process. Sci Rep, 2020, 10: 1633910.1038/s41598-020-73261-3 ↗
90. Sim H J, Choi C, Lee C J, et al. Flexible, stretchable and weavable piezoelectric fiber. Adv Eng Mater, 2015, 17: 1270–127510.1002/adem.201500018 ↗
91. Lu J, Hu S, Li W, et al. A biodegradable and recyclable piezoelectric sensor based on a molecular ferroelectric embedded in a bacterial cellulose hydrogel. ACS Nano, 2022, 16: 3744–375510.1021/acsnano.1c07614 ↗
92. Zhu G, Yang R, Wang S, et al. Flexible high-output nanogenerator based on lateral ZnO nanowire array. Nano Lett, 2010, 10: 3151–315510.1021/nl101973h ↗
93. Fan F R, Tian Z Q, Lin Wang Z. Flexible triboelectric generator. Nano Energy, 2012, 1: 328–33410.1016/j.nanoen.2012.01.004 ↗
94. Tang W, Sun Q, Wang Z L. Self-powered sensing in wearable electronics—A paradigm shift technology. Chem Rev, 2023, 123: 12105–1213410.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00305 ↗
95. Dong K, Peng X, Cheng R, et al. Advances in high-performance autonomous energy and self-powered sensing textiles with novel 3D fabric structures. Adv Mater, 2022, 34: 210935510.1002/adma.202109355 ↗
96. Yan D, Ye J, Zhou Y, et al. Research progress of fabrics with different geometric structures for triboelectric nanogenerators in flexible and wearable electronics. Adv Fiber Mater, 2023, 5: 1852–187810.1007/s42765-023-00334-z ↗
97. Tan H, Sun L, Huang H, et al. Continuous melt spinning of adaptable covalently cross-linked self-healing ionogel fibers for multi-functional ionotronics. Adv Mater, 2024, 36: e231002010.1002/adma.202310020 ↗
98. Dong K, Wang Y C, Deng J, et al. A highly stretchable and washable all-yarn-based self-charging knitting power textile composed of fiber triboelectric nanogenerators and supercapacitors. ACS Nano, 2017, 11: 9490–949910.1021/acsnano.7b05317 ↗
99. Ning C, Tian L, Zhao X, et al. Washable textile-structured single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered wearable electronics. J Mater Chem A, 2018, 6: 19143–1915010.1039/C8TA07784C ↗
100. Hu S, Zheng M, Wang Q, et al. Cellulose hydrogel-based biodegradable and recyclable magnetoelectric composites for electromechanical conversion. Carbohydr Polyms, 2022, 298: 12011510.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120115 ↗