Fabrication and Characterization of Willemite Scaffolds Using Corn Stalk as a Novel Bio Template for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications

1. Agnieray, H., Glasson, J., Chen, L. Q., Kaur, M., & Domigan, L. J. (2021). Recent developments in sustainably sourced protein-based biomaterials. Biochemical Society Transactions, 49(2), 953–964. https://doi.org/10.1042/BST2020089610.1042/BST20200896 ↗

2. Biswal, T., BadJena, S. K., & Pradhan, D. (2020). Sustainable biomaterials and their applications: A short review. Materials Today: Proceedings, 30, 274–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.43710.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.437 ↗

3. Cestari, F., Petretta, M., Yang, Y., Motta, A., Grigolo, B., & Sglavo, V. M. (2021). 3D printing of PCL/nano-hydroxyapatite scaffolds derived from biogenic sources for bone tissue engineering. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 29, e00318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2021.e0031810.1016/j.susmat.2021.e00318 ↗

4. Scalera, F., Monteduro, A., Maruccio, G., Blasi, L., Gervaso, F., Mazzotta, E., et al. (2021). Sustainable chitosan-based electrical responsive scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 28, e00260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2021.e0026010.1016/j.susmat.2021.e00260 ↗

5. Piazza, M., & Grady, M. (2017). Cranioplasty. Neurosurgery Clinics, 28(2), 257–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nec.2016.11.00810.1016/j.nec.2016.11.008 ↗

6. Abhay, S., & Haines, S. J. (1997). Repairing holes in the head: A history of cranioplasty. Neurosurgery, 40(3), 588–603. https://doi.org/10.1097/0006123-199703000-0003310.1097/0006123-199703000-00033 ↗

7. Alkhaibary, A., Alharbi, A., Alnefaie, N., Almubarak, A. O., Aloraidi, A., & Khairy, S. (2020). Cranioplasty: A comprehensive review of the history, materials, surgical aspects, and complications. World Neurosurgery, 139, 445–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2020.04.21110.1016/j.wneu.2020.04.211 ↗

8. Haugen, H. J., Lyngstadaas, S. P., Rossi, F., & Perale, G. (2019). Bone grafts: Which is the ideal biomaterial? Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 46, 92–102. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.1305810.1111/jcpe.13058 ↗

9. Lee, C. H., Chung, Y. S., Lee, S. H., Yang, H. J., & Son, Y. J. (2012). Analysis of the factors influencing bone graft infection after cranioplasty. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 73(1), 255–260. https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e318256a15010.1097/TA.0b013e318256a150 ↗

10. Sohn, H. S., & Oh, J. K. (2019). Review of bone graft and bone substitutes with an emphasis on fracture surgeries. Biomaterials Research, 23(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40824-019-0157-y10.1186/s40824-019-0157-y ↗

11. Xia, Z. W., Wu, X. ., Li, J., Liu, Z. X., Chen, F. H., Zhang, L. B., Zhang, H. F., Wang, X., & Cheng, Q. (2018). Minimally invasive surgery is superior to conventional craniotomy in patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World Neurosurgery, 115, 266–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2018.04.18110.1016/j.wneu.2018.04.181 ↗

12. Delgado-López, P. D., Martín-Velasco, V., Castilla-Díez, J., Galacho-Harriero, A., & Rodríguez-Salazar, A. (2009). Preservation of bone flap after craniotomy infection. Neurocirugia, 20(2), 124–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1130-1473(09)70179-410.1016/S1130-1473(09)70179-4 ↗

13. Schur, S., Martel, P., & Marcoux, J. (2020). Optimal bone flap size for decompressive craniectomy for refractory increased intracranial pressure in traumatic brain injury: Taking the patient’s head size into account. World Neurosurgery, 137, e430–e436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2020.01.23210.1016/j.wneu.2020.01.232 ↗

14. Reisch, R., Marcus, H. J., Kockro, R. A., & Ulrich, N. H. (2015). The supraorbital keyhole approach: how I do it. Acta Neurochirurgica, 157(6), 979–983. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-015-2424-610.1007/s00701-015-2424-6 ↗

15. Reisch, R., Stadie, A., Kockro, R. A., & Hopf, N. (2013). The keyhole concept in neurosurgery. World Neurosurgery, 79(2), S17.e19-S17.e13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2012.02.02410.1016/j.wneu.2012.02.024 ↗

16. Jiménez-Martínez, E., Cuervo, G., Hornero, A., Ciercoles, P., Gabarrós, A., Cabellos, C., et al. (2019). Risk factors for surgical site infection after craniotomy: A prospective cohort study. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, 8(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-019-0525-310.1186/s13756-019-0525-3 ↗

17. Xiao, W., Wang, Y., Pacios, S., Li, S., & Graves, D. T. (2016). Cellular and molecular aspects of bone remodeling. Tooth Movement, 18, 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1159/00035189510.1159/000351895 ↗

18. Koons, G. L., Diba, M., & Mikos, A. G. (2020). Materials design for bone-tissue engineering. Nature Reviews Materials, 5(8), 584–603. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-020-0204-210.1038/s41578-020-0204-2 ↗

19. Bao, C. L., Teo, E. Y., Chong, M. S., Liu, Y., Choolani, M., & Chan, J. K. (2013). Advances in bone tissue engineering. In J. Andrades (Ed.), Regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. IntechOpen.

20. Kanwar, S., & Vijayavenkataraman, S. (2021). Design of 3D printed scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: A review. Bioprinting, 24, e00167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bprint.2021.e0016710.1016/j.bprint.2021.e00167 ↗

21. Ellis, E., III., & Tan, Y. (2003). Assessment of internal orbital reconstructions for pure blowout fractures: Cranial bone grafts versus titanium mesh. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 61(4), 442–453. https://doi.org/10.1053/joms.2003.5008510.1053/joms.2003.50085 ↗

22. Gil, O. G., Cambra-Moo, O., Gil, J. A., Nacarino-Meneses, C., Barbero, M. Á., Pérez, J. R., & Martín, A. G. (2016). Investigating histomorphological variations in human cranial bones through ontogeny. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 15(5), 527–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2015.04.00610.1016/j.crpv.2015.04.006 ↗

23. Gruntmejer, K., Konietzko-Meier, D., & Bodzioch, A. (2016). Cranial bone histology of Metoposaurus krasiejowensis (Amphibia, Temnospondyli) from the Late Triassic of Poland. PeerJ, 4, e2685. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.268510.7717/peerj.2685 ↗

24. Berner, A., Woodruff, M., Lam, C., Arafat, M., Saifzadeh, S., Steck, R., Ren, J., Nerich, M., Ekapura, A. K.,Gibson, I., & Hutmaher, D. W. (2014). Effects of scaffold architecture on cranial bone healing. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 43(4), 506–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2013.05.00810.1016/j.ijom.2013.05.008 ↗

25. Petrie Aronin, C. E., Sadik, K. W., Lay, A. L., Rion, D. B., Tholpady, S. S., Ogle, R. C., & Botchwey, E. A. (2009). Comparative effects of scaffold pore size, pore volume, and total void volume on cranial bone healing patterns using microsphere-based scaffolds. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A: An Official Journal of The Society for Biomaterials, The Japanese Society for Biomaterials, and The Australian Society for Biomaterials and the Korean Society for Biomaterials, 89(3), 632–641. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.3201510.1002/jbm.a.32015 ↗

26. Keating, K. W., & Young, E. M. (2019). Synthetic biology for bio-derived structural materials. Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering, 24, 107–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2019.03.00210.1016/j.coche.2019.03.002 ↗

27. Chouhan, D., Kaushik, S., & Arora, D. (2021). Trends in bio-derived biomaterials in tissue engineering. Biomaterials in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (pp. 163–213). Springer.10.1007/978-981-16-0002-9_6 ↗

28. Pellicer, E. (2017). Advances in Applications of Industrial Biomaterials (D. N. Eva Pellicer, Jordi Sort, Maria Baró, Fatima Zivic, Nenad Grujovic, … Svetlana Pelemis, Ed. 1 ed.). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62767-010.1007/978-3-319-62767-0 ↗

29. Wu, C. T., & Chang, J. (2013). A review of bioactive silicate ceramics. Biomedical Materials, 8(3), 032001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-6041/8/3/03200110.1088/1748-6041/8/3/032001 ↗

30. Zhang, M., Zhai, W., & Chang, J. (2010). Preparation and characterization of a novel willemite bioceramic. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 21(4), 1169–1173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-010-3985-910.1007/s10856-010-3985-9 ↗

31. Brandão, F., Fernández-Bertólez, N., Rosário, F., Bessa, M. J., Fraga, S., Pásaro, E., et al. (2020). Genotoxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles in four different human cell lines (A549, HEPG2, A172 and SH-SY5Y). Nanomaterials, 10(3), 412. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano1003041210.3390/nano10030412 ↗

32. Liu, F., Wang, B. C., Wang, J., Ling, X. Z., Li, Q. F., Meng, W., & Ma, J. (2016). Oxymatrine inhibits proliferation and migration while inducing apoptosis in human glioblastoma cells. BioMed Research International. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/178416110.1155/2016/1784161 ↗

33. Forstmann, B. U., Keuken, M. C., & Alkemade, A. (2015). An introduction to human brain anatomy. An introduction to model-based cognitive neuroscience (pp. 71–89). Springer.10.1007/978-1-4939-2236-9_4 ↗

34. Bellucci, D., Salvatori, R., Anesi, A., Chiarini, L., & Cannillo, V. (2019). SBF assays, direct and indirect cell culture tests to evaluate the biological performance of bioglasses and bioglass-based composites: Three paradigmatic cases. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 96, 757–764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2018.12.00610.1016/j.msec.2018.12.006 ↗

35. Yamada, M., Takase, K., Suehiro, F., Nishimura, M., & Murata, H. (2020). Effects of denture adhesives and mouth moisturizers to human oral fibroblast and human keratinocyte cells using direct and indirect cell culture systems. Dental Materials Journal, 39(4), 571–576. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2017-33210.4012/dmj.2017-332 ↗

36. Engin, N. O., & Tas, A. C. (1999). Manufacture of macroporous calcium hydroxyapatite bioceramics. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 19(13–14), 2569–2572. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2219(99)00131-410.1016/S0955-2219(99)00131-4 ↗

37. Zou, Y., & Malzbender, J. (2016). Development and optimization of porosity measurement techniques. Ceramics International, 42(2), 2861–2870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.11.01510.1016/j.ceramint.2015.11.015 ↗

38. Standard, M. J. (2010). Implants for Surgery: In Vitro Evaluation for Apatite- Forming Ability of Implant Materials (ISO 23317:2007, IDT). Jabatan Standards Malaysia. https://doi.org/10.3403/30151793u10.3403/30151793u ↗

39. Zhong, J. P., Greenspan, D. C., & Feng, J. W. (2002). A microstructural examination of apatite induced by Bioglass® in vitro. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 13(3), 321–326. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:101407532098710.1023/A:1014075320987 ↗

40. Huang, S., Zhou, L., Li, M. C., Wu, Q. L., & Zhou, D. G. (2017). Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from corn stalk: Activation energy analysis. Materials, 10(1), 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1001008010.3390/ma10010080 ↗

41. Tavangarian, F., Emadi, R., & Shafyei, A. (2010). Influence of mechanical activation and thermal treatment time on nanoparticle forsterite formation mechanism. Powder Technology, 198(3), 412–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2009.12.00710.1016/j.powtec.2009.12.007 ↗

42. Huo, C. L., & Yang, H. M. (2010). Synthesis and characterization of ZnO/palygorskite. Applied Clay Science, 50(3), 362–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2010.08.02810.1016/j.clay.2010.08.028 ↗

43. Kozak, A., Wieczorek-Ciurowa, K., & Kozak, A. (2003). The thermal transformations in Zn (No 3) 2-H 2 O (1: 6) system. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 74(2), 497–502. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:jtan.0000005186.15474.be10.1023/b:jtan.0000005186.15474.be ↗

44. Zaharescu, M., Predoana, L., & Pandele, J. (2018). Relevance of thermal analysis for sol–gel-derived nanomaterials. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 86(1), 7–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-018-4583-410.1007/s10971-018-4583-4 ↗

45. Kozak, A., Wieczorek-Ciurowa, K., & Kozak, A. (2003). The thermal transformations in Zn (NO3) 2–H2O (1: 6) system. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 74(2), 497–502. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:jtan.0000005186.15474.be10.1023/b:jtan.0000005186.15474.be ↗

46. Tarafder, A., Molla, A. R., Mukhopadhyay, S., & Karmakar, B. (2014). Fabrication and enhanced photoluminescence properties of Sm3+-doped ZnO–Al2O3–B2O3–SiO2 glass derived willemite glass–ceramic nanocomposites. Optical Materials, 36(9), 1463–1470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2014.03.03510.1016/j.optmat.2014.03.035 ↗

47. Takesue, M., Hayashi, H., & Smith, R. L., Jr. (2009). Thermal and chemical methods for producing zinc silicate (willemite): A review. Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials, 55(3–4), 98–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2009.09.00110.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2009.09.001 ↗

48. Babu, B. C., & Buddhudu, S. (2013). Dielectric properties of willemite Zn2SiO4 nano powders by sol-gel method. Physics Procedia, 49, 128–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2013.10.01910.1016/j.phpro.2013.10.019 ↗

49. Im, J. S., Park, S. J., & Lee, Y. S. (2007). Preparation and characteristics of electrospun activated carbon materials having meso-and macropores. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 314(1), 32–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2007.05.03310.1016/j.jcis.2007.05.033 ↗

50. Kuila, U., & Prasad, M. (2013). Specific surface area and pore-size distribution in clays and shales. Geophysical Prospecting, 61(2-Rock Physics for Reservoir Exploration, Characterisation and Monitoring), 341–362. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2478.1202810.1111/1365-2478.12028 ↗

51. Auperrin, A., Delille, R., Lesueur, D., Bruyère, K., Masson, C., & Drazétic, P. (2014). Geometrical and material parameters to assess the macroscopic mechanical behaviour of fresh cranial bone samples. Journal of Biomechanics, 47(5), 1180–1185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.10.06010.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.10.060 ↗

52. Saboori, P., & Sadegh, A. (2015). Histology and morphology of the brain subarachnoid trabeculae. Anatomy Research International. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/27981410.1155/2015/279814 ↗

53. Gerhardt, L.-C., & Boccaccini, A. R. (2010). Bioactive glass and glass-ceramic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Materials, 3(7), 3867–3910. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma307386710.3390/ma3073867 ↗

54. Schaffler, M. B., & Burr, D. B. (1988). Stiffness of compact bone: effects of porosity and density. Journal of Biomechanics, 21(1), 13–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(88)90186-810.1016/0021-9290(88)90186-8 ↗

55. Wang, X., & Ni, Q. (2003). Determination of cortical bone porosity and pore size distribution using a low field pulsed NMR approach. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 21(2), 312–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0736-0266(02)00157-210.1016/S0736-0266(02)00157-2 ↗

56. Smith, I. O., Ren, F., Baumann, M. J., & Case, E. D. (2006). Confocal laser scanning microscopy as a tool for imaging cancellous bone. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials: An Official Journal of The Society for Biomaterials, The Japanese Society for Biomaterials, and The Australian Society for Biomaterials and the Korean Society for Biomaterials, 79(1), 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.3052910.1002/jbm.b.30529 ↗

57. Chen, H., Liu, Y., Wang, C. Y., Zhang, A. Z., Chen, B. P., Han, Q., & Wang, J. C. (2021). Design and properties of biomimetic irregular scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 130, 104241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.10424110.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104241 ↗

58. Choi, C. K. (2010). Comparison between SiOC Thin Film by plasma enhance chemical vapor deposition and SiO2 Thin Film by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Journal of the Korean Physical Society, 56(4), 1150–1155. https://doi.org/10.3938/jkps.56.115010.3938/jkps.56.1150 ↗

59. Kim, M. T. (1997). Deposition behavior of hexamethydisiloxane films based on the FTIR analysis of Si–O–Si and Si–CH3 bonds. Thin Solid Films, 311(1–2), 157–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6090(97)00683-410.1016/S0040-6090(97)00683-4 ↗

60. Pantohan, E., Candidato, R., & Vequizo, R. (2015). Surface characteristics and structural properties of sol-gel prepared ZnO-SiO2 nanocomposite powders. In: IOP conference series: Materials science and engineering.10.1088/1757-899X/79/1/012024 ↗

61. He, L. Y., Dong, G., & Deng, C. L. (2016). Effects of strontium substitution on the phase transformation and crystal structure of calcium phosphate derived by chemical precipitation. Ceramics International, 42(10), 11918–11923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.04.11610.1016/j.ceramint.2016.04.116 ↗

62. Sadeghzade, S., Shamoradi, F., Emadi, R., & Tavangarian, F. (2017). Fabrication and characterization of baghdadite nanostructured scaffolds by space holder method. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 68, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.01.03410.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.01.034 ↗

63. Hwidi, R., Salem, Izhar, T. N. T., Saad, F. N., Mohd, Dahham, O. S, Noriman, N. Z, & Shayfull, Z. (2018). Characterization of quicklime as raw material to hydrated lime: effect of temperature on its characteristics. In: AIP conference proceedings.10.1063/1.5066668 ↗

64. Sadeghzade, S., Emadi, R., Tavangarian, F., & Doostmohammadi, A. (2020). In vitro evaluation of diopside/baghdadite bioceramic scaffolds modified by polycaprolactone fumarate polymer coating. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 106, 110176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.11017610.1016/j.msec.2019.110176 ↗

65. Döppers, L.-M., Breen, C., & Sammon, C. (2004). Diffusion of water and acetone into poly (vinyl alcohol)–clay nanocomposites using ATR-FTIR. Vibrational Spectroscopy, 35(1–2), 27–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vibspec.2003.11.00810.1016/j.vibspec.2003.11.008 ↗

66. Chasapis, C. T., Loutsidou, A. C., Spiliopoulou, C. A., & Stefanidou, M. E. (2012). Zinc and human health: An update. Archives of Toxicology, 86(4), 521–534. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-011-0775-110.1007/s00204-011-0775-1 ↗

67. Birchall, J. D., & Chappell, J. S. (1988). The chemistry of aluminum and silicon in relation to Alzheimer’s disease. Clinical Chemistry, 34(2), 265–267. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/34.2.26110.1093/clinchem/34.2.261 ↗

68. Koh, J.-Y. (2001). Zinc and disease of the brain. Molecular Neurobiology, 24(1), 99–106. https://doi.org/10.1385/MN:24:1-3:09910.1385/MN:24:1-3:099 ↗

69. O’Connor, J. P., Kanjilal, D., Teitelbaum, M., Lin, S. S., & Cottrell, J. A. (2020). Zinc as a therapeutic agent in bone regeneration. Materials, 13(10), 2211. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1310221110.3390/ma13102211 ↗

70. O’Neill, E., Awale, G., Daneshmandi, L., Umerah, O., & Lo, K.W.-H. (2018). The roles of ions on bone regeneration. Drug Discovery Today, 23(4), 879–890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2018.01.04910.1016/j.drudis.2018.01.049 ↗

71. Karimzadeh Bardeei, L., Seyedjafari, E., Hossein, G., Nabiuni, M., Majles Ara, M. H., & Salber, J. (2021). Regeneration of bone defects in a rabbit femoral osteonecrosis model using 3D-printed poly (epsilon-caprolactone)/nanoparticulate willemite composite scaffolds. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(19), 10332. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22191033210.3390/ijms221910332 ↗