Colloidal stability, cytotoxicity, and cellular uptake of HfO₂ nanoparticles

Abstract The colloidal stability, cytotoxicity, and cellular uptake of hafnium oxide (HfO₂) nanoparticles (NPs) were investigated in vitro to assess safety and efficacy for use as a deliverable theranostic in nanomedicine. Monoclinic HfO₂ NPs, ~60–90 nm in diameter and ellipsoidal in shape, were directly prepared without calcination by a hydrothermal synthesis at 83% yield. The as‐prepared, bare HfO₂ NPs exhibited colloidal stability in cell culture media for at least 10 days without significant agglomeration or settling. The viability (live/dead assay) of human epithelial cells (HeLa) and monocyte‐derived macrophages (THP‐1) did not fall below 95% of untreated cells after up to 24 h exposure to HfO₂ NPs at concentrations up to 0.80 mg/ml. Similarly, the mitochondrial activity (MTT assay) of HeLa and THP‐1 cells did not fall below 80% of untreated cells after up to 24 h exposure to HfO₂ NPs at concentrations up to 0.40 mg/ml. Cellular uptake was confirmed and visualized in both HeLa and THP‐1 cells by fluorescence microscopy of HfO₂ NPs labeled with Cy5 and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of bare HfO₂ NPs. TEM micrographs provided direct observation of macropinocytosis and endosomal compartmentalization within 4 h of exposure. Thus, the HfO₂ NPs in this study exhibited colloidal stability, cytocompatibility, and cellular uptake for potential use as a deliverable theranostic in nanomedicine.