Control of hydroxyapatite coating by self‐assembled monolayers on titanium and improvement of osteoblast adhesion

ABSTRACT Self‐assembly technique was applied to introduce functional groups and form hydroxyl‐, amine‐, and carboxyl‐terminal self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs). The SAMs were grafted onto titanium substrates to obtain a molecularly smooth functional surface. Subsequent hydrothermal crystal growth formed homogeneous and crack‐free crystalline hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings on these substrates. AFM and XPS were used to characterize the SAM surfaces, and XRD, SEM, and TEM were used to characterize the HA coatings. Results show that highly crystalline, dense, and oriented HA coatings can be formed on the OH–, NH₂–, and COOH–SAM surfaces. The SAM surface with –COOH exhibited stronger nucleating ability than that with –OH and –NH₂. The nucleation and growth processes of HA coatings were effectively controlled by varying reaction time, pH, and temperature. By using this method, highly crystalline, dense, and adherent HA coatings were obtained. In addition, in vitro cell evaluation demonstrated that HA coatings improved cell adhesion as compared with pristine titanium substrate. The proposed method is considerably effective in introducing the HA coatings on titanium surfaces for various biomedical applications and further usage in other industries. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 124–135, 2017.