Evaluation of nanostructure and microstructure of bone regenerated by BMP‐2‐porous scaffolds

Abstract In this study, three systems containing BMP‐2 were fabricated, including two electrospun sandwich‐like‐systems of PLGA 75:25 and PLGA 50:50 and a microsphere system of PLGA 50:50 to be implanted in a critical size defect in rat calvaria. The in vivo BMP‐2 release profiles of the three systems were similar. The total dose was released during the first two weeks. To evaluate the nano and microstructure of the regenerated bone a multi‐technique analysis was used, including stereo microscope, X‐Ray; AFM, micro‐CT, and histological analyses. The progression of bone regeneration was followed at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after the microsphere system implantation whereas the two electrospun systems were evaluated at fixed 12 weeks. All the techniques applied showed high bone regeneration. The average values of bone volume density, bone mineral density, Young's modulus, and the percent of bone repair were ∼70% of the values of the native bone. Besides, SEM‐EDX analysis indicated that the main chemical elements in the new bone were oxygen, calcium, and phosphorus in a ratio similar to that of native bone. In comparison, the micro‐CT may provide an alternative to histology for the evaluation of bone formation at the defect size. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 2998–3011, 2015.