journal article·2026-07-06

Design, additive manufacturing and mechanical characterization of a hybrid strut–surface simple cubic metamaterial

Mario Martínez-Magallanes, Andrés D. Barker Narváez, Enrique Cuan-Urquizo

Publisher page

Abstract

Purpose Recent advances in additive manufacturing have significantly expanded the development of mechanical metamaterials with increasingly complex topologies. While recent studies have explored hybrid designs, most combinations remain limited to topologies within the same family. This study aims to address this gap by proposing a hybrid metamaterial that integrates distinct topology families, aiming to enhance mechanical performance and expand the design space. Design/methodology/approach A simple cubic strut-based microstructure was used as a baseline and hybridized by incorporating thin interconnected walls along its frames, with controlled variations in curvature. All designs were adjusted to roughly meet the same relative density, enabling the isolation of topological effects. Samples were fabricated with hard resin via masked stereolithography and experimentally tested under quasi-static uniaxial compression. Findings The results demonstrate that hybridization significantly alters the failure mechanism, transitioning from sudden global buckling to a progressive row-by-row crushing mode. The addition of thin walls substantially improved the mechanical performance, increasing stiffness by up to ∼2 × and specific energy absorption by up to ∼30 × compared to the baseline simple cubic structure. Originality/value This work introduces a novel hybridization strategy that combines topologies from different families, an area that remains largely unexplored. The proposed framework provides a scalable and parametric approach for tailoring the mechanical response of strut-based metamaterials, offering new opportunities for the design of high-performance metamaterials.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Cellular and Composite Structures · Topology Optimization in Engineering · Acoustic Wave Phenomena Research

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Tecnológico de Monterrey AI for Manufacturing and Supply Chain Institute (AIMS), , Monterrey,

Tecnológico de Monterrey School of Engineering and Sciences, , Monterrey,

Tecnológico de Monterrey AI for Manufacturing and Supply Chain Institute (AIMS), , Monterrey, , and School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico

Funding

ChallengeBased Research Funding Program 2023 · Office of Naval Research Global

References (49)

Show source-provided references
1. Mechanical characterization of lattice structure produced by additive manufacturing under torsion and compression10.1177/0021955X231224775 ↗
2. Characterization of process-induced defects in polymeric strut-based lattice structures produced by the powder bed fusion additive manufacturing process10.1108/RPJ-08-2024-0352 ↗
3. Additive manufacturing defects in polymeric lattice structures: a comprehensive analysis of morphology, distribution, and printing orientation influence10.1007/s00170-025-16521-8 ↗
4. Tensile properties and sustainability assessment of vat photopolymerization 3D printed components with recovered plastic filler10.1007/s00170-023-12412-y ↗
5. Experimental research of selected lattice structures developed with 3D printing technology10.3390/ma15010378 ↗
6. Anti-blast and-impact performances of auxetic structures: a review of structures, materials, methods, and fabrications10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.115377 ↗
7. Computational design of 3D printed flexible voronoi lattices10.1007/s40964-025-01274-3 ↗
8. 3D lightweight mechanical metamaterial with nearly isotropic inelastic large deformation response10.1016/j.jmps.2022.105057 ↗
9. On hybrid cellular materials based on triply periodic minimal surfaces with extreme mechanical properties10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108109 ↗
10. In-plane energy absorption characteristics and mechanical properties of 3D printed novel hybrid cellular structures10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.08.064 ↗
11. Mechanical properties of a novel two-phase hybrid plate-lattice metamaterial10.1080/15376494.2022.2104974 ↗
12. Improved mechanical performance in FDM cellular frame structures through partial incorporation of faces10.3390/polym16101340 ↗
13. Scalability in SLA lattice through lattice orientation and hybrid frame and plate architectures10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.12.155 ↗
15. Mechanical metamaterials for sports helmets: structural mechanics, design optimization, and performance10.1088/1361-665X/acfddf ↗
16. Hellard, P. (2019), “Leveraging the full potential of a heat exchanger with additive manufacturing”, available at:Link to the cited article (accessed15 February 2026).
17. Design and modeling of auxetic and hybrid honeycomb structures for in-plane property enhancement10.1016/j.matdes.2016.12.067 ↗
18. Effect of fiber orientation on the quasi-static axial crushing behavior of glass fiber reinforced polyvinyl chloride composite tubes10.3390/ma14092235 ↗
19. Experimental and numerical investigation on pre-stressed lattice structures10.1016/j.tws.2019.106396 ↗
20. Additively-manufactured node-reinforced plate lattices with superior energy absorption
21. In-plane crushing behavior and energy absorption of a novel graded honeycomb from hierarchical architecture10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2022.107202 ↗
22. Flexural properties of additively manufactured structures reinforced with cellular and fractal patterns10.1002/adem.202301938 ↗
23. Experimental characterization framework for SLA additive manufacturing materials10.3390/polym13071147 ↗
24. Effective elastic properties of novel aperiodic monotile-based lattice metamaterials10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113102 ↗
25. Auxetic materials and structures for potential defense applications: an overview and recent developments10.1177/00405175231193433 ↗
26. 3D printing functionally graded metamaterial structure: design, fabrication, reinforcement, optimization10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2023.108580 ↗
27. Development of novel hybrid TPMS cellular lattices and their mechanical characterization10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.08.092 ↗
28. The influence of long-term hydrothermal and physical ageing on the characteristics of additively manufactured bio-based photopolymer resin10.1016/j.rinma.2023.100499 ↗
29. Material extrusion additive manufacturing of novel lightweight collinear stayed polymer lattices10.1007/s10999-024-09709-5 ↗
30. A novel hybrid-honeycomb structure: enhanced stiffness, tunable auxeticity and negative thermal expansion10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2020.106021 ↗
31. Design exploration of 3D-printed triply periodic minimal surface scaffolds for bone implants10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2021.106762 ↗
32. Functionally graded sinusoid-based metamaterials: towards tailoring effective mechanical properties and deformation modes with a single design parametric function
33. Additively manufactured lattice materials with a double level of gradation: a comparison of their compressive properties when fabricated with material extrusion and vat photopolymerization processes10.3390/ma16020649 ↗
34. Investigations of the mechanical properties on different print orientations in SLA 3D printed resin
35. Comparative performance evaluation of microarchitected lattices processed via SLS, MJ, and DLP 3D printing methods: experimental investigation and modelling10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.09.061 ↗
36. Characterization and modeling of additively-manufactured polymeric hybrid lattice structures for energy absorption10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2020.106101 ↗
37. Hybrid reinforced thermoset polymer composite in energy absorption tube application: a review10.1016/j.dt.2018.04.004 ↗
38. 3D printed metamaterials for energy absorption in motorsport applications10.1007/s12239-024-00136-1 ↗
39. Effective compressive behavior of functionally graded TPMS titanium implants with ingrown cortical or trabecular bone10.1016/j.compstruct.2022.116288 ↗
40. Disordered auxetic metamaterials architected by random peanut-shaped perturbations10.1016/j.matdes.2021.110291 ↗
41. Integrated design of novel composite plate-truss hybrid lattice structures for superior energy absorption10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2025.113447 ↗
42. Multi-triangles cylindrical origami and inspired metamaterials with tunable stiffness and stretchable robotic arm10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad098 ↗
43. Mechanical reinforcement mechanism of a hierarchical Kagome honeycomb10.1016/j.tws.2021.108235 ↗
44. Quasi-static and dynamic mechanical properties of Miura-Ori metamaterials10.1016/j.tws.2020.106993 ↗
45. Mechanical design and energy absorption performances of novel dual scale hybrid plate-lattice mechanical metamaterials10.1016/j.eml.2020.100918 ↗
46. Bio-inspired alternating collinear tubular lattice metamaterial for enhanced energy absorption and compressive stability10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122715 ↗
47. Truss and plate hybrid lattice structures: simulation and experimental investigations of isotropy, large-strain deformation, and mechanisms10.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.106344 ↗
48. Efficacy of auxetic lattice structured shoe sole in advancing footwear comfort – from the perspective of plantar pressure and contact area10.3389/fpubh.2024.1412518 ↗
49. Mechanical design and energy absorption of 3D novel hybrid lattice metamaterials10.1007/s11431-020-1756-x ↗