Dendritic cell responses to self‐assembled monolayers of defined chemistries

Abstract Biomaterial contact triggers dendritic cell (DC) maturation, to an extent depending on the biomaterial, ultimately enhancing an immune response toward associated antigens, implying a role for biomaterials as adjuvants. Self‐assembled monolayers (SAM) of alkanethiols on titanium/gold‐coated surfaces presenting different chemistries were used to study effects of biomaterial surface chemistry on DC maturation. Although DCs treated with OH, COOH, or NH₂SAMs showed modest maturation, those treated with CH₃SAMs were least mature, all based on cytospins, allostimulatory capacity, or maturation marker expression. Surprisingly, DCs treated with CH₃SAMs secreted highest levels of proinflammatory tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) or interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) but were least mature. Secretion of anti‐inflammatory mediators by DCs treated with CH₃SAMs was not responsible for mitigating DC maturation under these conditions. Interestingly, elevated levels of apoptotic markers were measured associated with DCs and T cells upon CH₃SAMs contact. Since phagocytosis of apoptotic DCs has strong immunosuppressive effects on DCs, more apoptotic DCs on CH₃SAMs may account for lower DC maturation. Finally, higher expression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen receptor‐4 (CTLA‐4) on T cells may imply a mechanism of T cell inhibition on CH₃SAMs. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2010