Comparison of environmental scanning electron microscopy with high vacuum scanning electron microscopy as applied to the assessment of cell morphology

Abstract The efficacy of conventional high vacuum scanning electron microscopy (SEM), environmental SEM (ESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscopy techniques in the assessment of cell–material interactions is compared. Specific attention is given to the application of these techniques in the assessment of the early morphological response of human osteoblast‐like cells cultured on titanium dioxide. The processing of cells cultured for conventional high vacuum SEM leads to the loss of morphological features that are retained when using ESEM. The use of cytoskeletal labeling, viewed with confocal laser scanning microscopy, in conjunction with ESEM gives an indication of the changes to cell morphology as a consequence of incubation time in response to interactions at the biological/material interface. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 69A: 359–366, 2004