Topological insulators for efficient spin–orbit torques

Current-induced magnetic switching via spin–orbit torques has been extensively pursued for memory and logic applications with promising energy efficiency. Topological insulators are a group of materials with spin-momentum locked electronic states at the surface due to spin–orbit coupling, which can be harnessed to reach strong spin–orbit torques. In this paper, we summarize and compare the methods for calibrating the charge-spin conversion efficiency in topological insulators, with which topological insulators are identified as outstanding spin–orbit torque generators compared with the well-studied heavy metals. We then review the results of magnetic switching under reduced current density in topological insulator/ferromagnet heterostructures. Finally, we provide insights on current challenges as well as possible exploration directions in the emerging field of topological spintronics.