Design and Optimization of a Graphene Modulator Based on Hybrid Plasmonic Waveguide with Double Low-Index Slots
Source abstract
Abstract
Graphene modulators based on surface plasmonic waveguides enable a strong interaction between light and graphene because great electric field enhancement occurs in the sub-wavelength region. However, a tight field confinement will cause a large metal absorption of light. Thus, graphene modulator base on hybrid plasmonic waveguide has a tradeoff between the propagation loss and the modulation depth. Here, we achieved a good balance between them by designing and optimizing an electro-optic modulator based on hybrid plasmonic waveguide with four graphene layers. The structure of the waveguide is metal/insulator/Si/insulator/metal. The modulation depth and the propagation loss of the modulator are 0.524 and 0.05 dB/μm respectively, which make a relatively high figure of merit about 10.5. Also the obtained modulation bandwidth and power consumption are 150 GHz and 0.607 pJ/bit, respectively.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Plasmonic and Surface Plasmon Research · Photonic and Optical Devices · Photonic Crystals and Applications
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (19)
Show source-provided references
1. Marris-Morini D et al (2009) Recent progress in high-speed silicon-based optical modulators. Proc IEEE 97(7):1199–121510.1109/JPROC.2009.2015337 ↗
2. Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Morozov SV, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos SV, Grigorieva IV, Firsov AA (2004) Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306(5696):666–66910.1126/science.1102896 ↗
3. Nair RR, Blake P, Grigorenko AN, Novoselov KS, Booth TJ, Stauber T, Peres NMR, Geim AK (2008) Fine structure constant defines visual transparency of graphene. Science 320(5881):1308–130810.1126/science.1156965 ↗
4. Mak KF, Sfeir MY, Wu Y, Lui CH, Misewich JA, Heinz TF (2008) Measurement of the optical conductivity of graphene. Phys Rev Lett 101(19):19640510.1103/PhysRevLett.101.196405 ↗
5. Bolotin KI, Sikes KJ, Jiang Z, Klima M, Fudenberg G, Hone J, Kim P, Stormer HL (2008) Ultrahigh electron mobility in suspended graphene. Solid State Commun 146(9):351–35510.1016/j.ssc.2008.02.024 ↗
6. Du X, Skachko I, Barker A, Andrei EY (2008) Approaching ballistic transport in suspended graphene. Nat Nanotechnol 3(8):491–49510.1038/nnano.2008.199 ↗
7. Liu M, Yin X, Ulin-Avila E, Geng B, Zentgraf T, Ju L, Wang F, Zhang X (2011) A graphene-based broadband optical modulator. Nature 474(7349):64–6710.1038/nature10067 ↗
8. Liu M, Yin X, Zhang X (2012) Double-layer graphene optical modulator. Nano Lett 12(3):1482–148510.1021/nl204202k ↗
9. Kovacevic G, Yamashita S (2016) Design optimizations for a high-speed two-layer graphene optical modulator on silicon. IEICE Electron Expr 13(14):1–1110.1587/elex.13.20160499 ↗
10. Phare CT, Lee YHD, Cardenas J, Lipson M (2015) Graphene electro-optic modulator with 30 GHz bandwidth. Nat Photonics 9(8):511–51510.1038/nphoton.2015.122 ↗
11. Ye S, Wang Z, Tang L, Zhang Y, Lu R, Liu Y (2014) Electro-absorption optical modulator using dual-graphene-on-graphene configuration. Opt Express 22(21):26173–2618010.1364/OE.22.026173 ↗
12. Ma Z, Tahersima M, Khan S, Sorger VJ (2017) 2D material-based mode confinement engineering in electro-optic modulators. IEEE J Sel Top Quant 23(1):3400208
13. Ding Y, Guan X, Zhu X, Hu H, Bozhevolnyi SI, Oxenløwe LK, Jin KJ, Mortensen NA, Xiao S (2017) Efficient electro-optic modulation in low-loss graphene-plasmonic slot waveguides. Nanoscale 9(40):15576–1558110.1039/C7NR05994A ↗
14. Oulton RF, Sorger VJ, Genov DA, Pile DFP, Zhang X (2008) A hybrid plasmonic waveguide for subwavelength confinement and long-range propagation. Nat Photonics 2(8):496–50010.1038/nphoton.2008.131 ↗
15. Guan X, Hao WU, Dai D (2014) Silicon hybrid nanoplasmonics for ultra-dense photonic integration. Front Optoelectron 7(3):300–31910.1007/s12200-014-0435-1 ↗
16. Kwon MS (2017) Discussion of the epsilon-near-zero effect of graphene in a horizontal slot waveguide. IEEE Photonics J 6(3):1–910.1109/JPHOT.2014.2326667 ↗
17. Lee CC, Suzuki S, Xie W, Schibli TR (2012) Broadband graphene electro-optic modulators with sub-wavelength thickness. Opt Express 20(5):5264–526910.1364/OE.20.005264 ↗
18. Fan M, Yang H, Zheng P, Hu G, Yun B, Cui Y (2017) Multilayer graphene electro-absorption optical modulator based on double-stripe silicon nitride waveguide. Opt Express 25(18):21619–2162910.1364/OE.25.021619 ↗
19. Shiramin LA, Thourhout DV (2017) Graphene modulators and switches integrated on silicon and silicon nitride waveguide. IEEE J Sel Top Quant 23(1):3600107