Leveraging interlocking structural defects of g-C3N4/CNT networks: Toward enhanced oxygen reduction activity of the cobalt-based electrocatalyst

Carbon-based transition-metal electrocatalysts are regarded as promising candidates for catalyzing oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), yet their electrocatalytic ORR performances are greatly limited by active sites utilization caused by the metal aggregation and pore collapse under high temperature. This study rationally designed a cobalt-based ORR catalyst supported on a g-C ₃N ₄/carbon nanotube (CNT) network as a cost-effective alternative of platinum-based catalysts. CNT were embedded into the lamellar precursor of melamine and cyanuric acid, and a synergistic effect between CNT and precursor was realized to regulate the density and activity of active sites. The polycondensation of precursors led to the formation of an "interlocking" structure of CNT supports with abundant exposed defects, allowing for effectively anchoring cobalt ions to generate Co-N _x sites. Meanwhile, partial Co ions underwent reconstruction and transportation to form Co nanoparticles and extended the disruptive CNT structure, exposing more interfacial defects to enhance the ORR catalytic properties. The prepared Co@g-C ₃N ₄/CNT catalyst demonstrated impressive ORR activity comparable to commercial Pt/C catalyst, showing superior stability. This research offers a promising approach for engineering interfacial defects to synthesize high-performance non-precious metal electrocatalysts for energy conversion applications.