Novel design of Sn4P3@NxC electrodes and their electrochemical properties

Tin phosphide (Sn _xP _y) is recognized as one of the most promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries due to its exceptionally high theoretical capacity. However, its application is hampered by significant volume expansion during charge-discharge cycles and inferior electrical conductivity. Proper structural design plays a pivotal role in addressing these challenges, paving the way for high-performance anode materials. This study introduces a nitrogen-doped carbon-coated Sn ₄P ₃ nanosphere with a core-shell structure, employing dopamine as the nitrogen source. This innovative approach, utilizing template removal and solid-phase phosphorization, results in both the core and shell acting as active materials, thereby enhancing the volumetric energy density of the electrode. The internal voids within the shell layer mitigate volume expansion during charge-discharge cycles, while the presence of the nitrogen-doped carbon layer maintains the material`s stability throughout cycling and improves its electrical conductivity. Electrochemical performance tests confirm this material`s outstanding energy storage capability, with an initial Coulombic efficiency reaching up to 73.6 %. Furthermore, it maintains a stable capacity of 585 mAh g ⁻¹ after 1200 cycles at a current density of 2 A g ⁻¹. This research offers a design paradigm for developing novel energy storage materials.