Surface phenomena and electrochemical behavior of phosphate ion incorporated titania nanotubes for boosting bone cell growth

The addition of bone-native calcium and phosphate ions to implant materials can improve biocompatibility. The objective of the work was a comprehensive analysis of phosphate incorporation in nanotubes utilising orthophosphoric acid as the electrolyte and its effect on nanotube development during anodization process. Also, the material’s biological compatibility was investigated. A traditional anodization method was utilised to create nanotubes on commercially pure titanium (Cp-Ti) metal surfaces. The creation of nanotubes was detected at an optimal concentration of orthophosphoric acid, while other experimental variables such as voltage, time, temperature, etc. were maintained constant. The surface phenomena of anodized TIOP’s were examined through High-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyser and contact angle. Fourier transform RAMAN study validated the penetration of phosphate ions into nanotubes. Potentiodynamic polarisation investigation in SBF was used to analyse the corrosion behaviour of anodized TIOP’s surface and Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) mapped the reactive surface of the anodic oxide layer. The biomineralization studies were performed for 14 days in SBF and analysed with SEM/EDX and ATR-FTIR. The cell compatibility of the anodized sample surface was carried out in the MG63 cell line. The result indicated the addition of bone-native phosphate ions to anodized surface influences the differentiation of cells. The apatite formations on anodized surface influence the corrosion behaviour of the sample and result in high corrosion resistance in SBF.