PO43--doped layer @ spinel @ rGO sandwich-structured lithium-rich manganese-based cathode material with enhancing rate capability and cycle stability for Li-ion battery

The Li-rich Mn-based cathode (LRM) material faces challenges like low initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) and reduced capacity retention, which limit their commercial viability in high energy density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). These challenges primarily arise from the irreversible migration of transition metal ions (TM ⁿ⁺) and the escape of lattice oxygen. Herein, this study proposes a novel approach to enhance Li-rich cathodes by implementing a PO ₄ ^3--doped layer @ spinel @ rGO sandwich structure, which effectively addresses the aforementioned challenges. Through the synergistic effects of PO ₄ ^3- doping and rGO surface modification, the modified samples demonstrate remarkable electrochemical properties. These include an impressive initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) of 87.54%, and a superior capacity of 187.12 mAhg ⁻¹ and 149.44 mAhg ⁻¹ at 25°C and 45°C, respectively, following 200 cycles at 1 C. Additionally, they exhibit an outstanding rate capability of 82.3 mAhg ⁻¹ at 10 C and a minimal voltage decrease of 0.504 V after 200 cycles. The synergetic strategy presented in this work serves as an inspiring source for the exploration of high energy density and long-cycle cathode materials.