Neutron irradiation induced magnetization and persistent defects at high temperatures in graphite

Structural as well as magnetization studies have been carried out on graphite samples irradiated by neutrons for over 50 years in the CIRUS research reactor at Trombay, India. Neutron diffraction studies reveal that the defects in irradiated graphite samples are not well annealed and remain significant up to high temperatures much greater than 653 K where the Wigner energy is completely released. We infer that the remnant defects may be intralayer Frenkel defects, which do not store large energy, unlike the interlayer Frenkel defects that store the Wigner energy. Magnetization studies on the irradiated graphite show ferromagnetic behavior that persists up to \ensuremath{\sim}850 K and a large additional paramagnetic contribution. Ab initio calculations based on the spin-polarized density-functional theory show that the magnetism in defected graphite is essentially confined to a single twofold-coordinated carbon atom that is located around a vacancy in the hexagonal layer.