Effect of Phase Composition and Internal Structure Parameters on the Functional Properties of High–Temperature Heat–Protective Ceramic Composites MgO–MgAl2O4
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract The paper presents the results of a study of the functional properties of high–temperature heat–protective ceramic materials based on a composition of MgO and MgAl2O4 in a wide range of component concentrations. It is shown that a decrease in the characteristic size of powder particles by two orders of magnitude and an increase in the quality of adhesion provide the achievement of extremely low thermal conductivity of sintered ceramics in combination with high strength and fracture toughness. By varying the volume fraction of components, it is possible to purposefully shift the balance of thermal conductivity, resistance to thermal shocks, and mechanical properties of heat–protective products in relation to specific operating conditions. Quantitative estimates of the effect of micro- and submicroscale discontinuities of the internal structure on the macroscopic functional characteristics of ceramic composites were obtained using computer modeling.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Advanced ceramic materials synthesis · Advanced materials and composites · Powder Metallurgy Techniques and Materials
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (76)
Show source-provided references
1. Ramachandran, K., Bear, J.C., and Jayaseelan, D.D., Oxide-Based Ceramic Matrix Composites for High-Temperature Environments: A Review, Advanced Engineering Materials, 2025, vol. 27, p. 2402000. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.20240200010.1002/adem.202402000 ↗
2. Fahrenholtz, W.G. and Hilmas, G.E., Ultra-high temperature ceramics: Materials for extreme environments, Scripta Materialia, 2017, vol. 129, pp. 94–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2016.10.01810.1016/j.scriptamat.2016.10.018 ↗
3. Rubio, V., Ramanujam, P., and Binner, J., Ultra-high temperature ceramic composite, Advances in Applied Ceramics, 2018, vol. 117, pp. 56–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/17436753.2018.147514010.1080/17436753.2018.1475140 ↗
4. Ni, D., Cheng, Y., Zhang, J., Liu, J.-X., Zou, J., Chen, B., Wu, H., Li, H., Dong, S., Han, J., Zhang, X., Fu, Q., and Zhang, G.-J., Advances in ultra-high temperature ceramics, composites, and coatings, Journal of Advanced Ceramics, 2022, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40145-021-0550-610.1007/s40145-021-0550-6 ↗
5. Shojaie-bahaabad, M., Bozorg, M., Najafizadeh, M., and Cavaliere, P., Ultra high temperature ceramic coatings in thermal protection systems (TPS), Ceramics International, 2024, vol. 50, no. 7, pp. 9937–9951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.12.37210.1016/j.ceramint.2023.12.372 ↗
6. Liu, Y., Wang, H., Hao, J., Cheng, Y., Dong, S., Hu, P., Han, W., and Zhang, X., Key materials for extreme high-temperature environments: Ultra-high-temperature ceramics and their composites, Extreme Materials, 2025, vol. 1, pp. 38–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exm.2025.01.00110.1016/j.exm.2025.01.001 ↗
7. Wyatt, B.C., Nemani, S.K., Hilmas, G.E., Opila, E.J., and Anasori, B., Ultra-high temperature ceramics for extreme environments, Nature Reviews Materials, 2024, vol. 9, pp. 773–789. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-023-00619-010.1038/s41578-023-00619-0 ↗
8. Pritzkow, W.E.C., Almeida, R.S.M., Mateus, L.B., Tushtev, K., and Rezwan, K., All-oxide ceramic matrix composites (OCMC) based on low cost 3M NextelTM 610 fabrics, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2021, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 3177–3187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2020.05.07010.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2020.05.070 ↗
9. Keller, K.A., Jefferson, G., and Kerans, R.J., Oxide–Oxide Composites, in Ceramic Matrix Composites: Materials, Modeling and Technology (eds. Bansal, N.P. and Lamon, J.), Wiley, 2014, pp. 236–272. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118832998.ch810.1002/9781118832998.ch8 ↗
10. Grashchenkov, D.V., Shchegoleva, N.E., Simonenko, E.P., and Ermakova, G.V., High-Temperature Ceramic Composites Stable during Long-Term Use at Temperatures up to 2000°C with a Multilevel Complex Protection System, Polymer Science, Series D. Glues and Sealing Materials, 2012, vol. 5, pp. 205–207. https://doi.org/10.1134/S199542121203009410.1134/S1995421212030094 ↗
11. Atkinson, A., Bastid, P., and Liu, Q., Mechanical Properties of Magnesia–Spinel Composites, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2007, vol. 90, pp. 2489–2496. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2007.01733.x10.1111/j.1551-2916.2007.01733.x ↗
12. Deng, Z.Y., Ferreira, J.M.F., Tanaka, Y., and Isoda, Y., Microstructure and thermal conductivity of porous ZrO2 ceramics, Acta Materialia, 2007, vol. 55, no. 11, pp. 3663–3669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2007.02.01410.1016/j.actamat.2007.02.014 ↗
13. Buyakov, A., Shmakov, V., Zabolotsky, A., Chumakov, Y., and Shilko, E., Refractory ceramics based on magnesium–aluminate spinel and periclase of the Satka deposit, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2024, vol. 313, p. 128760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2023.12876010.1016/j.matchemphys.2023.128760 ↗
14. Buyakov, A.S., Senkina, E.I., Fotin, I.A., Shmakov, V.V., Jiahao, Zh., Lozhkomoev, A.S., and Buyakova, S.P., Effect of Pore Size on Strength and Fracture Toughness of Zirconia Ceramics, Russian Physics Journal, 2024, vol. 67, no. 6, pp. 800–805. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11182-024-03181-610.1007/s11182-024-03181-6 ↗
15. Zhang, W., Shi, F., Wang, J., Yang, Y., Zhao, G., and Zhao, D., Preparation and properties of a porous ZrO2/SiZrBOC ceramic matrix composite with high temperature resistance and low thermal conductivity, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2024, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 2329–2337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2023.11.00710.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2023.11.007 ↗
16. Zok, F.W., Developments in oxide fiber composites, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2006, vol. 89, pp. 3309–3324. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2006.01342.x10.1111/j.1551-2916.2006.01342.x ↗
17. Pritzkow, W., Noth, A., and Rudinger, A., Oxide ceramic matrix composites – manufacturing, machining, properties and industrial applications, Ceramic Applications, 2015, vol. 3, pp. 48–54.
18. Nilov, A.S., Kulik, V.I., and Garshin, A.P., Analysis of friction materials and technologies developed to make brake shoes for heavily loaded brake systems with disks made of a ceramic composite, Refractories and Industrial Ceramics, 2015, vol. 56, pp. 402–412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11148-015-9856-710.1007/s11148-015-9856-7 ↗
19. Bach, C., Wehner, F., and Sieder-Katzmann, J., Investigations on an all-oxide ceramic composites based on Al2O3 fibres and alumina-zirconia matrix for application in liquid rocket engines, Aerospace, 2022, vol. 9, p. 684. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace911068410.3390/aerospace9110684 ↗
20. Machín, A. and Márquez, F., The next frontier in energy storage: a game-changing guide to advances in solid-state battery cathodes, Batteries, 2024, vol. 10, p. 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries1001001310.3390/batteries10010013 ↗
21. Raghunathan, V., Sathyamoorthy, G., Ayyappan, V., Srisuk, R., Singaravelu, D.L., Rangappa, S.M., and Siengchin, S., Advances in brake friction materials: A comprehensive review of ingredients, processing methods, and performance characteristics, Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology, 2024, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 1396–1431. https://doi.org/10.1002/vnl.2214910.1002/vnl.22149 ↗
22. Buyakova, S., Fotin, I., Mirovoy, Y., Burlachenko, A., Shmakov, V., Abdulmenova, E., and Buyakov, A., Fracture toughness control of gradient layered ZrC–Al2O3 ceramic composites, Materials Characterization, 2025, vol. 221, p. 114785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2025.11478510.1016/j.matchar.2025.114785 ↗
23. Cook, J. and Gordon, J.E., A mechanism for the control of crack propagation in all-brittle systems, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 1964, vol. 282, no. 1391, pp. 508–520. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1964.024810.1098/rspa.1964.0248 ↗
24. Xia, C., Asl, M.S., Namini, A.S., Ahmadi, Z., Delbari, S.A., Van Le, Q., Shokouhimehr, M., and Mohammadi, M., Enhanced fracture toughness of ZrB2–SiCw ceramics with graphene nano-platelets, Ceramics International, 2020, vol. 46, no. 16, pp. 24906–24915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.06.27510.1016/j.ceramint.2020.06.275 ↗
25. Silvestroni, L., Sciti, D., Melandri, C., and Guicciardi, S., Toughened ZrB2-based ceramics through SiC whisker or SiC chopped fiber additions, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2010, vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 2155–2164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2009.11.01210.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2009.11.012 ↗
26. Arunkumar, T., Anand, G., Subbiah, R., Karthikeyan, R., and Jeevahan, J., Effect of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes on Improvement of Fracture Toughness of Spark-Plasma-Sintered Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Nanocomposites, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2021, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 3925–3933. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-021-05562-110.1007/s11665-021-05562-1 ↗
27. Sang, G., Zhang, Q., Zhao, S., Zhao, Y., Yang, M., Xi, X., and Yang, J., Strong and tough laminated ceramics prepared from ceramic foams, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2023, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 2578–2585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2022.12.04110.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2022.12.041 ↗
28. Shilko, E.V., Dmitriev, A.I., Balokhonov, R.R., and Romanova, V.A., Multiscale modeling and computer-aided design of advanced materials with hierarchical structure, Physical Mesomechanics, 2024, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 493–517. https://doi.org/10.1134/S102995992405001110.1134/S1029959924050011 ↗
29. Meng, Q., Zhang, K., He, R., and Qu, Z., A review of thermal shock behavior of ceramics: Fundamental theory, experimental methods, and outlooks, International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology, 2024, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 3789–3811. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijac.1484610.1111/ijac.14846 ↗
30. Mocciaro, A., Anaya, R., Hernández, M.F., Richard, D., and Rendtorff, N.M., Experimental and theoretical study of the thermal shock behavior of insulating refractory materials, Ceramics, 2025, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics801002310.3390/ceramics8010023 ↗
31. Cheng, X., Peng, B., Zhang, T., Guo, M., Cheng, F., and Zhang, M. Cyclic thermal shock resistance for MgAlON–MgO composites obtained with additions of spent MgO–C brick: Microstructure characteristics, thermal shock parameter and thermal shock mechanism, Ceramics International, 2022, vol. 48, pp. 29862–29872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.06.25110.1016/j.ceramint.2022.06.251 ↗
32. Psakhie, S.G., Shilko, E.V., Grigoriev, A.S., Astafurov, S.V., Dimaki, A.V., and Smolin, A.Yu., A mathematical model of particle-particle interaction for discrete element based modeling of deformation and fracture of heterogeneous elastic-plastic materials, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 2014, vol. 130, pp. 96–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2014.04.03410.1016/j.engfracmech.2014.04.034 ↗
33. Shilko, E.V., Psakhie, S.G., Schmauder, S., Popov, V.L., Astafurov, S.V., and Smolin, A.Y., Overcoming the limitations of distinct element method for multiscale modeling of materials with multimodal internal structure, Computational Materials Science, 2015, vol. 102, pp. 267–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2015.02.02610.1016/j.commatsci.2015.02.026 ↗
34. Grigoriev, A.S., Zabolotskiy, A.V., Shilko, E.V., Dmitriev, A.I., and Andreev, K., Analysis of the quasi-static and dynamic fracture of the silica refractory using the mesoscale discrete element modeling, Materials, 2021, vol. 14, no. 23, p. 7376. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1423737610.3390/ma14237376 ↗
35. Kundu, R. and Sarkar, R., MgO-C refractories: a detailed review of these irreplaceable refractories in steelmaking, Interceram-International Ceramic Review, 2021, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 46–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42411-021-0457-910.1007/s42411-021-0457-9 ↗
36. Han, Z., Yan, W., Yan, J., Chen, Z., Wang, X., and Li, G., Microstructures and properties of novel lightweight refractory aggregates with microporous MgO-MgAl2O4 core-shell structures, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2023, vol. 43, no. 12, pp. 5398–5405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2023.04.04310.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2023.04.043 ↗
37. Han, Z., Yan, W., Liu, Y., Song, J., Chen, Q., and Wang, X., Effect of Al2O3 nano/micro powder ratio on microstructures and properties of microporous MgO-MgAl2O4 refractory aggregates, Ceramics International, 2024, vol. 50, no. 24, pp. 53771–53779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.10.23010.1016/j.ceramint.2024.10.230 ↗
38. Litovsky, E.Y. and Shapiro, M., Gas pressure and temperature dependences of thermal conductivity of porous ceramic materials: Part 1, refractories and ceramics with porosity below 30%, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 1992, vol. 75, no. 12, pp. 3425–3439. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1996.tb08598.x10.1111/j.1151-2916.1996.tb08598.x ↗
39. Babashov, V.G., Maksimov, V.G., and Butakov, V.V., Influence of composition and morphology of magnesia powders on sintering of compacts, Refractories and Industrial Ceramics, 2022, vol. 63, pp. 230–234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11148-022-00712-x10.1007/s11148-022-00712-x ↗
40. Kováčik, J., Correlation between Young’s modulus and porosity in porous materials, Journal of Materials Science Letters, 1999, vol. 18, no. 13, pp. 1007–1010. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:100666991494610.1023/A:1006669914946 ↗
41. Zhang, L., Gao, K., Elias, A., Dong, Z., and Chen, W., Porosity dependence of elastic modulus of porous Cr3C2 ceramics, Ceramics International, 2014, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 191–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.05.12210.1016/j.ceramint.2013.05.122 ↗
42. Boccaccini, A.R. and Fan, Z., A new approach for the Young’s modulus-porosity correlation of ceramic materials, Ceramics International, 1997, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 239–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-8842(96)00033-810.1016/S0272-8842(96)00033-8 ↗
43. Kibitkin, V., Savchenko, N., Grigoriev, M., Solodushkin, A., Burlachenko, A., Buyakov, A., Zykova, A., Rubtsov, V., and Tarasov, S., Digital image correlation characterization of deformation behavior and cracking of porous segmented alumina under uniaxial compression, Ceramics, 2023, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 102–131. https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics601000810.3390/ceramics6010008 ↗
44. Mirkhalaf, M., Sunesara, A., Ashrafi, B., and Barthelat, F., Toughness by segmentation: Fabrication, testing and micromechanics of architectured ceramic panels for impact applications, International Journal of Solids and Structures, 2019, vol. 158, pp 52–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2018.08.02510.1016/j.ijsolstr.2018.08.025 ↗
45. Krause, T., Molotnikov, A., Carlesso, M., Rente, J., Rezwan, K., Estrin, Y., and Koch, D., Mechanical properties of topologically interlocked structures with elements produced by freeze gelation of ceramic slurries, Advanced Engineering Materials, 2012, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 335–341. https://doi.org/10.1002/Adem.20110024410.1002/Adem.201100244 ↗
46. Gajdowski, C., d’Elia, R., Faderl, N., Böhmler, J., Lorgouilloux, Y., Lemonnier, S., and Leriche, A., Mechanical and optical properties of MgAl2O4 ceramics and ballistic efficiency of spinel based armour, Ceramics International, 2022, vol. 48, no. 13, pp. 18199–18211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.03.07910.1016/j.ceramint.2022.03.079 ↗
47. Stewart, R.L. and Bradt, R.C., Fracture of polycrystalline MgAl2O4, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 1980, vol. 63, no. 11–12, pp. 619–623. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1980.tb09847.x10.1111/j.1151-2916.1980.tb09847.x ↗
48. Ghosh, A., White, K.W., Jenkins, M.G., Kobayashi, A.S., and Brad, R.C., Fracture resistance of a transparent magnesium aluminate spinel, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 1991, vol. 74, no. 7, pp. 1624–1630. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1991.tb07149.x10.1111/j.1151-2916.1991.tb07149.x ↗
49. Yasuda, K., Kim, S.D., Kanemichi, Y., Matsuo, Y., and Kimura, S., Influence of grain size and temperature on fracture toughness of MgO sintered body, Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan, 1990, vol. 98, no. 1142, pp. 1103–1108. https://doi.org/10.2109/jcersj.98.110310.2109/jcersj.98.1103 ↗
50. Wei, Y., Gu, S., Fang, H., Luo, W., Zhang, X., Wang, L., and Jiang, W., Properties of MgO transparent ceramics prepared at low temperature using high sintering activity MgO powders, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2020, vol. 103, no. 9, pp. 5382–5391. https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.1726710.1111/jace.17267 ↗
51. Nakayama, T., Kim, B.S., Kondo, H., Choa, Y.H., Sekino, T., Nagashima, M., Kusunose, T., Hayashi, Y., and Niihara, K., Fabrication of MgO based nanocomposites with multifunctionality, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2004, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 259–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2219(03)00237-110.1016/S0955-2219(03)00237-1 ↗
52. Slack, G.A., Thermal conductivity of MgO, Al2O3, MgAl2O4, and Fe3O4 crystals from 3° to 300° K, Physical Review, 1962, vol. 126, no. 2, p. 427. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.126.42710.1103/PhysRev.126.427 ↗
53. Burghartz, St. and Schulz, B., Thermophysical properties of sapphire, AlN and MgAl2O4 down to 70 K, Journal of Nuclear Materials, 1994, vol. 212–215, pp. 1065–1068. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3115(94)90996-210.1016/0022-3115(94)90996-2 ↗
54. Akamine, S., Ogasawara, T., Ogawa, C., and Aoki, T., Radiation heating test and development of porous MgAl2O4 ceramics with high thermal shielding effect based on Mie theory, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2022, vol. 105, no. 8, pp. 5347–5358. https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.1848910.1111/jace.18489 ↗
55. Hashimoto, S., Honda, S., Hiramatsu, T., and Iwamoto, Y., Fabrication of porous spinel (MgAl2O4) from porous alumina using a template method, Ceramics International, 2013, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 2077–2081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2012.08.06210.1016/j.ceramint.2012.08.062 ↗
56. Stackhouse, S., Stixrude, L., and Karki, B.B., Thermal conductivity of periclase (MgO) from first principles, Physical Review Letters, 2010, vol. 104, no. 20, p. 208501. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.20850110.1103/PhysRevLett.104.208501 ↗
57. Zou, Y., Gu, H., Huang, A., Huo, Y., Fu, L., and Li, Y., Characterisation and properties of low-conductivity microporous magnesia based aggregates with in-situ intergranular spinel phases, Ceramics International, 2021, vol. 47, no. 8, pp. 11063–11071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.12.22910.1016/j.ceramint.2020.12.229 ↗
58. Ren, X., Ma, B., Tang, J., Li, Y., and Yu, J., Fabrication of energy-saving MgO with large grain size and low thermal conductivity: towards a new type of magnesia for high-temperature furnaces, Construction and Building Materials, 2022, vol. 342, p. 128097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.12809710.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.128097 ↗
59. Huang, Y., Hu, N., Ye, Y., Fu, F., Lv, Y., Jia, J., Chen, D., Ou, Z., and Li, J., A novel route for the fabrication of melilite-spinel porous ceramics with ultralow thermal conductivity and sufficient strength, Ceramics International, 2022, vol. 48, no. 24, pp. 37488–37491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.09.23110.1016/j.ceramint.2022.09.231 ↗
60. Rhee, S.K., Porosity – thermal conductivity correlations for ceramic material, Materials Science and Engineering, 1975, vol. 20, pp. 89–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5416(75)90134-210.1016/0025-5416(75)90134-2 ↗
61. Rice, R.W., Evaluation and extension of physical property-porosity models based on minimum solid area, Journal of Materials Science, 1996, vol. 31, pp. 102–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0035513310.1007/BF00355133 ↗
62. Carson, J.K., Lovatt, S.J., Tanner, D.J., and Cleland, A.C., Thermal conductivity bounds for isotropic, porous materials, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2005, vol. 48, pp. 2150–2158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2004.12.03210.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2004.12.032 ↗
63. Huang, Y, Hu, N, Zeng, Y, Song, X, Lin, C, Liu, Z, and Zhang, J., Effect of different types of pores on thermal conductivity of YSZ thermal barrier coatings. Coatings, 2019, vol. 9, no. 2, p. 138. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings902013810.3390/coatings9020138 ↗
64. Zhang, W.-W., Wei, Z.-Y., Xing, Y.-Z., Zhang, L.-Y., and Zhang, Q., The effect of pore morphology on thermal insulation properties of thermal barrier coatings, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2024, vol. 325, p. 129729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2024.12972910.1016/j.matchemphys.2024.129729 ↗
65. Zhang, M., He, M., Gu, H., Huang, A., and Xiang, W., Influence of pore distribution on the equivalent thermal conductivity of low porosity ceramic closed-cell foams, Ceramics International, 2018, vol. 44, no. 16, pp. 19319–19329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.07.16010.1016/j.ceramint.2018.07.160 ↗
66. Das, D., Dolores, M., Lucio, S., Kultayeva, S., and Kim, Y.-W., Effects of pore size on electrical and thermal properties of porous SiC ceramics, International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology, 2024, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 2651–2662. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijac.1462010.1111/ijac.14620 ↗
67. Smith, D.S., Puech, F., Nait-Ali, B., Alzina, A., and Honda, S., Grain boundary thermal resistance and finite grain size effects for heat conduction through porous polycrystalline alumina, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2018, vol. 121, p. 1273–1280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.01.08210.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.01.082 ↗
68. Nan, C.-W. and Birringer, R., Determining the Kapitza resistance and the thermal conductivity of polycrystals: A simple model, Physical Review B, 1998, vol. 57, no. 14, pp. 8264–8268. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.57.826410.1103/PhysRevB.57.8264 ↗
69. Kambale, K.R., Mahajan, A., and Butee, S.P., Effect of grain size on the properties of ceramics, Metal Powder Report, 2019, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 130–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mprp.2019.04.06010.1016/j.mprp.2019.04.060 ↗
70. Carelli, E.A., Fujita, H., Yang, J.Y., and Zok, F.W., Effects of thermal aging on the mechanical properties of a porous‐matrix ceramic composite, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2002, vol. 85, no. 3, pp. 595–602. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2002.tb00138.x10.1111/j.1151-2916.2002.tb00138.x ↗
71. Ghosh, A., Sarkar, R., Mukherjee, B., and Das, S.K., Effect of spinel content on the properties of magnesia–spinel composite refractory, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2004, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 2079–2085. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2219(03)00353-410.1016/S0955-2219(03)00353-4 ↗
72. Wilson, D.R., Evans, R.M., Wodsworth, I., and Cawley, J., Properties and applications of sintered magnesia alumina spinels. In Unitecr’93 Congress. Refractories for the New World Economy. Proc. Conf. Sao Paulo, 31 October-3 November 1993., 1993, pp. 749–760.
73. Kimura, M., Uasuda, Y., and Nishio, H., Development of magnesia spinel bricks for rotary cement kilns, Japan Interceram Special Issue, 1984, vol. 33, pp. 344–376.
74. Fairing made of optical polycrystalline alumomagnesium spinel (Al2MgO4) – JSC S.I. Vavilov State Optical Institute (Accessed November 18, 2025). http://goi.ru/en/production/crystal/optic/cowl
75. Properties: Magnesia – Magnesium Oxide (MgO) Properties & Applications (Accessed November 18, 2025). https://www.azom.com/properties.aspx?ArticleID=54
76. Carslaw, H.S. and Jaeger, J.C., Conduction of heat in solids. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959.