Current Challenges of Wind Energy Development: Materials Science Aspects
Source abstract
Abstract
Contemporary materials science aspects related to the development and expansion of wind energy are discussed in this paper. With view on the extraordinary durability and reliability requirements toward wind turbine blades, and high maintenance costs, the wind turbine materials should demonstrate very high strength and fatigue resistance, combined with low weight. Possibilities of wind turbine blade protection against the most common blade degradation mechanisms, in particular, leading edge erosion, and requirements toward protective coatings are reviewed. Hybrid composites reinforced with lightweight carbon fibers are discussed as a way to reduce gravitational load on the blades. Another side of using strong durable materials for wind turbine blades is related with the recycling challenges. In connection with ageing the first generation of wind turbines, installed in early 2000s, the problems of waste management and recycling become especially relevant. Possibilities of development of structural composites from bio-based elements, recyclable polymers and thermoplastics, which have the same strength as the usual fiber glass epoxy, are discussed in this paper.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Cellular and Composite Structures · Fiber-reinforced polymer composites · Polymer composites and self-healing
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (38)
Show source-provided references
1. Offshore Wind in Europe—Key Trends and Statistics, 2020. https://windeurope.org/data-andanalysis/product/offshore-wind-in-europe-key-trends-and-statistics-2020/
2. Rosen, Y., Alaska’s Experience Shows Benefits—and Challenges—of Wind Energy in the Arctic, Arctic Today, 2020, Sept. 16.
3. Mishnaevsky, L.Jr. and Thomsen, K., Costs of Repair of Wind Turbine Blades: Influence of Technology Aspects, Wind Energy, 2020, vol. 23, no. 12, pp. 2247–2255.10.1002/we.2552 ↗
4. Mishnaevsky, L.Jr., Hasager, C., Bak, C., Tilg, A.M., Bech, J.I., Rad, S.D., and Fæster, S., Leading Edge Erosion of Wind Turbine Blades: Understanding, Prevention and Protection, Renewable Energy, 2021, vol. 169, pp. 953–969.10.1016/j.renene.2021.01.044 ↗
5. Stephenson, S., Wind Blade Repair: Planning, Safety, Flexibility, Composites World, 2011, pp. 1–13.
6. Chen, X., Fracture of Wind Turbine Blades in Operation—Part I: A Comprehensive Forensic Investigation, Wind Energy, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1002/we.221210.1002/we.2212 ↗
7. Mishnaevsky, L.Jr., Repair of Wind Turbine Blades: Review of Methods and Related Computational Mechanics Problems, Renewable Energy, 2019, vol. 140, pp. 828–839.10.1016/j.renene.2019.03.113 ↗
8. Mishnaevsky, L.Jr., Toolbox for Optimizing Anti-erosion Protective Coatings of Wind Turbine Blades: Overview of Mechanisms and Technical Solutions, Wind Energy, 2019, pp. 1–18.10.1002/we.2378 ↗
9. Mishnaevsky, L.Jr., Fæster, S., Mikkelsen, L.P., Kusano, Y., and Bech, J.I., Micromechanisms of Leading Edge Erosion of Wind Turbine Blades: X-Ray Tomography Analysis and Computational Studies, Wind Energy, 2019, pp. 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/we.244110.1002/we.2441 ↗
10. Project MAINTAINERGY/Maintenance and Repair Strategies for Wind Energy Development, 2021–2023. www.maintainergy.dk
11. Rad, S.D. and Mishnaevsky, L.Jr., Leading Edge Erosion of Wind Turbine Blades: Computational Modelling of Multiaxial Fatigue, Wind Energy, vol. 23/8, pp. 1752–1766.
12. Jespersen, K.M., Monastyreckis, G., and Mishnaevsky, L.Jr., On the Potential of Particle Engineered Anti-Erosion Coatings for Leading Edge Protection of Wind Turbine Blades, in 41st Risø Symposium, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020, vol. 942, no. 1, p. 012027 (8 p.).10.1088/1757-899X/942/1/012027 ↗
13. Dai, G.M. and Mishnaevsky, L.Jr., Fatigue of Hybrid Carbon/Glass Composites: 3D Computational Modelling, Composit. Sci. Tech., 2014, vol. 94, pp. 71–79.10.1016/j.compscitech.2014.01.014 ↗
14. Ong, C.H. and Tsai, S.W., The Use of Carbon Fibers in Wind Turbine Blade Design: A SERI-8 Blade Example SAND2000-0478, Sandia National Laboratories Contractor Report, 2000.10.2172/752054 ↗
15. Burks, B., Middleton, J., and Kumosa, M., Micromechanics Modeling of Fatigue Failure Mechanisms in a Hybrid Polymer Matrix Composite, Compos. Sci. Technol., 2012, vol. 72, pp. 1863–1868.10.1016/j.compscitech.2012.07.017 ↗
16. Bortolotti, P., Carbon Glass Hybrid Materials for Wind Turbine Rotor Blades, Master Thesis, Delft University of Technology, 2012.
17. Mishnaevsky, L.Jr. and Dai, G.M., Hybrid Carbon/Glass Fiber Composites: Micromechanical Analysis of Structure-Damage Resistance Relationship, Comput. Mater. Sci., 2014, vol. 81, pp. 630–640.10.1016/j.commatsci.2013.08.024 ↗
18. Mishnaevsky, L.Jr. and Dai, G., Hybrid and Hierarchical Nanoreinforced Polymer Composites: Computational Modelling of Structure-Properties Relationships, Compos. Struct., 2014, vol. 117, pp. 156–168.10.1016/j.compstruct.2014.06.027 ↗
19. Mishnaevsky, L.Jr. and Brøndsted, P., Statistical Modelling of Compression and Fatigue Damage of Unidirectional Fiber Reinforced Composites, Compos. Sci. Technol., 2009, vol. 69, no. 3–4, pp. 477–484.10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.11.024 ↗
20. White, M., Hybrid Material Used for World's Longest Blade. https://www.4coffshore.com/22.03.20118
21. McGugan, M. and Mishnaevsky, L.Jr., Damage Mechanism Based Approach to the Structural Health Monitoring of Wind Turbine Blades, Coatings, 2020, vol. 10, no. 12, article 1223.10.3390/coatings10121223 ↗
22. Wang, C.H., Venugopal, V., and Peng, L., Stepped Flush Repairs for Primary Composite Structures, J. Adhesion, 2015, vol. 91, no. 1–2.10.1080/00218464.2014.896212 ↗
23. Nishino, M. and Aoki, T., Nonlinear Analysis and Damage Monitoring of a One-Sided Patch Repair with Delamination, Compos. Struct., 2006, vol. 73, pp. 423–431.10.1016/j.compstruct.2005.02.013 ↗
24. Rose, L.R.F., A Cracked Plate Repaired by Bonded Reinforcements, Int. J. Fracture, 1982, vol. 18, pp. 135–144.10.1007/BF00019638 ↗
25. Mischnaewski, L., III and Mishnaevsky, L.Jr., Structural Repair of Wind Turbine Blades: Computational Model for the Evaluation of the Effects of Adhesive and Patch Properties on the Repair Quality, Wind Energy. https://doi.org/10.1002/we.257510.1002/we.2575 ↗
26. Guadagno, L., Naddeo, S., Raimondo, M., Barra, G., Vertuccio, L., Sorrentino, A., Binder, W.H., Kadlec, M., Development of Self-Healing Multifunctional Materials, Composites Eng. B, 2017, vol. 128, pp. 30–38.10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.07.003 ↗
27. White, S., Sottos, N., Geubelle, P., and Moore, J.S., Autonomic Healing of Polymer Composites, Nature, 2007, vol. 409, pp. 794–797.10.1038/35057232 ↗
28. Toohey, K.S., Sottos, N., Lewis, J.A., Moore, J.S., and White, S.R., Self-Healing Materials with Microvascular Networks, Nature Mater., 2007, vol. 6, no. 8, pp. 581–585.10.1038/nmat1934 ↗
29. Repowering and Lifetime Extension: Making the Most of Europe’s Wind Energy Resources, Wind Europe, 2017.
30. Knight, S., What to Do with Turbines after They Leave Support System, Wind Power Monthly, 2020, vol. 31.
31. Martin, C., Wind Turbine Blades Can’t Be Recycled, so They’re Piling up in Landfills, Bloomberg, 2020, Febr. 5. www.bloomberg.com
32. Andersen, N., Wind Turbine End-of-Life: Characterisation of Waste Material, Master Thesis, University of Gävle, 2015.
33. Sneve, J., Sioux Falls Landfill Tightens Rules after Iowa Dumps Dozens of Wind Turbine Blades, Argus Leader, 2019, Dec. 12.
34. Mishnaevsky, L.Jr., Sustainable End-of-Life Management of Wind Turbine Blades: Overview of Current and Coming Solutions, Materials, 2021, vol. 14, p. 1124. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1405112410.3390/ma14051124 ↗
35. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, in Closing the Loop on the Plastics Dilemma: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief, Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2020. https://doi.org/10.17226/2564710.17226/25647 ↗
36. Mishnaevsky, L.Jr., Freere, P., Sinha, R., and Acharya, P., Small Wind Turbines with Timber Blades for Developing Countries: Materials Choice, Development, Installation and Experiences, Renewable Energy, 2011, vol. 36, no. 8, pp. 2128–2138.10.1016/j.renene.2011.01.034 ↗
37. Foxwell, D., Project Launched to Develop 100% Recyclable Wind Turbine Blades, 23 Sept. 2020. https://www.rivieramm.com/
38. Advanced Thermoplastic Resins for Manufacturing Wind Turbine Blades. https://www.nrel.gov/manufacturing/comet-wind-blade-resin.html