Establishing the microstructure-strengthening correlation in severely deformed surface of titanium

Surface nanostructuring of engineering materials can be utilised to enhance materials performance for various applications. The aim of this work was to investigate the evolution of microstructure and its correlation with strengthening mechanisms in nanocrystalline commercially pure titanium (cp-Ti) produced by surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT). The individual contributions of dislocation slip and twining as the deformation mechanisms during SMAT have been quantified using X-ray line profile analysis and corroborated with transmission electron microscopy and electron backscattered diffraction techniques. It is found that twining is operative only in the early stages of deformation. The absence of twin–twin intersections suggests that twining is not directly responsible for the initial refinement of grain size. Dislocation slip is the major deformation mode, which leads to the refinement of the microstructure by forming low-angle lamellar boundaries. Continuous dynamic recrystallisation is demonstrated to be the mechanism of nanocrystallisation in cp-Ti using detailed microscopic analysis. In contrast to previous studies, which have neglected the contribution of Taylor strengthening, it is observed that a combination of Hall–Petch and Taylor relationships can explain the strength only if separate set of parameters K (Hall–Petch constant) and α (geometrical factor in Taylor relationship) are used for the nanocrystalline surface and severely deformed sub-surface of cp-Ti. Taken together, this work provides new insights into the underlying mechanisms for engineering nanocrystalline materials.