Additive manufacturing of Ti–6Al–4V parts through laser metal deposition (LMD): Process, microstructure, and mechanical properties
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract As one of the most important additive manufacturing (AM) techniques, laser metal deposition (LMD) has been extensively studied specially during the last few years. Similar to other AM techniques, the quality of LMD parts is highly dependent on the processing parameters that need to be optimized so as to obtain geometrically accurate parts as well as favorable microstructures and, thus, mechanical properties. The present review paper therefore aims to present a critical analysis and overview of the relationship between processing parameters, microstructure, and mechanical properties of LMD components made from the Ti–6Al–4V alloy. Moreover, we discuss the applications of LMD parts in the aerospace and biomedical industries as well as the potential of LMD techniques for fabrication of more complex parts such as cellular structures. The paper concludes with a summary of the most important findings and suggestions for future research.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes · Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies · Titanium Alloys Microstructure and Properties
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Corrosion of Ti6Al4V pins produced by direct metal laser sintering10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.10.031 ↗
2. Microstructure and mechanical properties of LMD–SLM hybrid forming Ti6Al4V alloy10.1016/j.msea.2016.02.069 ↗
3. ISO 17296-2:2015 · 2015
4. Anisotropic high cycle fatigue behavior of Ti–6Al–4V obtained by powder bed laser fusion10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2016.04.032 ↗
5. Review of in-situ process monitoring and in-situ metrology for metal additive manufacturing10.1016/j.matdes.2016.01.099 ↗
6. Anisotropic properties of directed energy deposition (DED)-processed Ti–6Al–4V10.1016/j.jmapro.2016.06.020 ↗
7. Fatigue performance of additive manufactured TiAl6V4 using electron and laser beam melting10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2016.05.001 ↗
8. Fereiduni · 2019 · 55
9. Electron beam melted Ti–6Al–4V: microstructure, texture and mechanical behavior of the as-built and heat-treated material10.1016/j.msea.2015.11.052 ↗
10. Microstructural and mechanical characterization of Ti6Al4V refurbished parts obtained by laser metal deposition10.1016/j.msea.2015.07.029 ↗
11. Fabrication and photocatalytic activity enhanced mechanism of direct Z-scheme g-C3N4/Ag2WO4 photocatalyst10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.07.104 ↗
12. Frontiers of additively manufactured metallic materials10.3390/ma11091566 ↗
13. Akinlabi · 2016
14. Laser metal deposition for powder metallurgy parts10.1179/174329011X12977874589924 ↗
15. Surface chemistry of Ti6Al4V components fabricated using selective laser melting for biomedical applications10.1016/j.msec.2016.05.054 ↗
16. Improving the fatigue performance of porous metallic biomaterials produced by Selective Laser Melting10.1016/j.actbio.2016.10.005 ↗
17. Microstructure and mechanical behavior of Ti–6Al–4V produced by rapid-layer manufacturing, for biomedical applications10.1016/j.jmbbm.2008.05.004 ↗
18. Experimental investigation on the feasibility of dry and cryogenic machining as sustainable strategies when turning Ti6Al4V produced by Additive Manufacturing10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.09.209 ↗
19. The effect of laser remelting on the surface chemistry of Ti6al4V components fabricated by selective laser melting10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.01.022 ↗
20. The influences of melting degree of TiC reinforcements on microstructure and mechanical properties of laser direct deposited Ti6Al4V-TiC composites10.1016/j.matdes.2017.09.063 ↗
21. Additive manufacturing of Ti–6Al–4V components by shaped metal deposition: microstructure and mechanical properties10.1016/j.matdes.2009.11.032 ↗
22. Martensitic transformation from β to α′ and α ″phases in Ti–V alloys: a first-principles study10.1557/jmr.2017.276 ↗
23. Wear behavior of Ti6Al4V biomedical alloys processed by selective laser melting, hot pressing and conventional casting10.1016/S1003-6326(17)60060-8 ↗
24. Microstructure and mechanical properties of wrought and additive manufactured Ti-6Al-4 V cylindrical bars10.1016/j.protcy.2015.07.037 ↗
25. Influence of processing on microstructure and mechanical properties of (α+ β) titanium alloys10.1016/S0921-5093(97)00778-8 ↗
26. Welsch · 1993
27. Wrought titanium and titanium alloys
28. Microstructural characterization of a prototype titanium alloy structure processed via direct laser deposition (DLD)10.1007/s11663-011-9599-x ↗
29. As-fabricated and heat-treated microstructures of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy processed by selective laser melting10.1007/s11661-011-0731-y ↗
30. Thermomechanical response of 3D laser-deposited Ti–6Al–4V alloy over a wide range of strain rates and temperatures10.1016/j.msea.2015.08.043 ↗
31. Mechanical properties and microstructural features of direct laser-deposited Ti-6Al-4V
32. Topological design and additive manufacturing of porous metals for bone scaffolds and orthopaedic implants: a review10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.01.012 ↗
33. Fatigue performance evaluation of selective laser melted Ti–6Al–4V10.1016/j.msea.2014.01.041 ↗
34. Mechanical behavior of Ti–6Al–4V at high and moderate temperatures—Part I: experimental results10.1016/S0921-5093(01)01507-6 ↗
35. Mechanical behavior of Ti–6Al–4V at high and moderate temperatures—Part II: constitutive modeling10.1016/S0921-5093(01)01508-8 ↗
36. Correlation between porosity and processing parameters in TiAl6V4 produced by selective laser melting10.1016/j.matdes.2016.05.070 ↗
37. Influence of the structural orientation on the mechanical properties of selective laser melted Ti6Al4V open-porous scaffolds10.1016/j.matdes.2016.01.095 ↗
38. Tribological behavior of Ti6Al4V cellular structures produced by Selective Laser Melting10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.01.004 ↗
39. Oxidation behaviors of the TiNi/Ti 2 Ni matrix composite coatings with different contents of TaC addition fabricated on Ti6Al4V by laser cladding10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.04.037 ↗
40. Design of Ti6Al4V-HA composites produced by hot pressing for biomedical applications10.1016/j.matdes.2016.07.023 ↗
41. Study of corrosion in biocompatible metals for implants: a review10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.01.196 ↗
42. Fatigue behavior and failure mechanisms of direct laser deposited Ti–6Al–4V10.1016/j.msea.2015.12.026 ↗
43. An overview of Direct Laser Deposition for additive manufacturing; Part I: transport phenomena, modeling and diagnostics
44. C.O. Brown, E.M. Breinan, B.H. Kear, Method for Fabricating Articles by Sequential Layer Deposition, in, U.S. Patent, 1982.
45. P.P. Mehta, R.R. Otten, E.B. Cooper Jr, Method and Apparatus for Repairing Metal in an Article, in, U.S. Patent, 1988.
46. A.W. Hammeke, Laser Spray Nozzle and Method, in, U.S. Patent, 1988.
47. A. Buongiorno, Laser/powdered metal cladding nozzle, in, U.S. Patent, 1995.
48. Directed light fabrication
49. A comparative study of laser direct metal deposition characteristics using gas and plasma-atomized Ti–6Al–4V powders10.1016/j.msea.2011.06.074 ↗
50. Wire based additive layer manufacturing: comparison of microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti–6Al–4V components fabricated by laser-beam deposition and shaped metal deposition10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2011.01.018 ↗
51. Laser metal deposition as repair technology for stainless steel and titanium alloys10.1016/j.phpro.2012.10.051 ↗
52. Laser cladding as repair technology for Ti–6Al–4V alloy: influence of building strategy on microstructure and hardness10.1016/j.matdes.2015.07.035 ↗
53. Modeling and experimental measurement with synchrotron radiation of residual stresses in laser metal deposited Ti-6Al-4V
54. Yule · 1994
55. Mechanical properties of additive manufactured titanium (Ti–6Al–4V) blocks deposited by a solid-state laser and wire10.1016/j.matdes.2011.06.062 ↗
56. Economical viability of laser metal deposition
57. Characterization and comparison of Inconel 625 processed by selective laser melting and laser metal deposition10.1002/adem.201600635 ↗
58. Probabilistic fracture of Ti–6Al–4V made through additive layer manufacturing10.1016/j.ijplas.2015.09.007 ↗
59. The microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of 316L stainless steel fabricated using laser engineered net shaping10.1016/j.msea.2016.09.028 ↗
60. Direct materials deposition: designed macro and microstructure10.1007/s100190050137 ↗
61. 3D finite element temperature field modelling for direct laser fabrication10.1007/s00170-008-1785-x ↗
62. Process development for wire-based laser metal deposition of 5087 aluminium alloy by using fibre laser10.1016/j.jmapro.2018.06.033 ↗
63. Materials for additive manufacturing10.1016/j.cirp.2017.05.009 ↗
64. Influence of microstructure on mechanical properties of laser metal wire-deposited Ti-6Al-4V10.1016/j.msea.2016.07.038 ↗
65. Intra-layer closed-loop control of build plan during directed energy additive manufacturing of Ti–6Al–4V
66. Deposition of Ti–6Al–4V using laser and wire, part I: microstructural properties of single beads10.1016/j.surfcoat.2011.07.095 ↗
67. Observation of keyhole-mode laser melting in laser powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2014.06.005 ↗
68. On the limitations of volumetric energy density as a design parameter for selective laser melting10.1016/j.matdes.2016.10.037 ↗
69. A survey of sensing and control systems for machine and process monitoring of directed-energy, metal-based additive manufacturing10.1108/RPJ-12-2014-0177 ↗
70. Thermal stresses and deposition patterns in layered manufacturing10.1016/S0921-5093(01)01179-0 ↗
71. Laser aided direct metal deposition of Inconel 625 superalloy: microstructural evolution and thermal stability10.1016/j.msea.2009.01.009 ↗
72. Mechanical properties of laser-deposited Ti-6Al-4V solid freeform fabrication symposium
73. The laser additive manufacture of Ti-6Al-4V
74. Microstructures of laser-deposited Ti–6Al–4V10.1016/j.matdes.2003.09.009 ↗
75. Microstructure, static properties, and fatigue crack growth mechanisms in Ti-6Al-4V fabricated by additive manufacturing: LENS and EBM10.1016/j.engfailanal.2016.05.036 ↗
76. Microstructure evolution, tensile properties, and fatigue damage mechanisms in Ti-6Al-4V alloys fabricated by two additive manufacturing techniques10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.007 ↗
77. Microstructural evolution in laser-deposited multilayer Ti-6Al-4V builds: Part I. Microstructural characterization10.1007/s11661-004-0094-8 ↗
78. High cycle fatigue of laser beam deposited Ti-6Al-4V and Inconel 718
79. Fabrication of large Ti–6Al–4V structures by direct laser deposition10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.12.234 ↗
80. A framework to link localized cooling and properties of directed energy deposition (DED)-processed Ti-6Al-4V10.1016/j.actamat.2017.04.027 ↗
81. Anisotropic properties of directed energy deposition (DED)-processed Ti–6Al–4V10.1016/j.jmapro.2016.06.020 ↗
82. Microcomputed tomography analysis of intralayer porosity generation in laser direct metal deposition and its causes
83. Hashmi · 2014
84. Microstructure evolution, tensile properties, and fatigue damage mechanisms in Ti-6Al-4V alloys fabricated by two additive manufacturing techniques10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.007 ↗
85. Microstructural evolution in laser-deposited multilayer Ti-6Al-4V builds: Part II. Thermal modeling10.1007/s11661-004-0095-7 ↗
86. In-situ high temperature EBSD analysis of the effect of a deformation step on the alpha to beta transition in additive manufactured Ti-6Al-4V
87. Microstructures of laser-deposited Ti–6Al–4V10.1016/j.matdes.2003.09.009 ↗
88. Phase transformations during cooling in α+ β titanium alloys10.1016/S0921-5093(97)00802-2 ↗
89. Understanding the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V and Inconel 718 alloys manufactured by laser engineered net shaping
90. Effect of processing conditions on the microstructure, porosity, and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V repair fabricated by directed energy deposition10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.08.041 ↗
91. Effect of substrate thickness on micro-hardness of direct laser deposited Ti-6Al-4V parts
92. Laser powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing: physics of complex melt flow and formation mechanisms of pores, spatter, and denudation zones10.1016/j.actamat.2016.02.014 ↗
93. A comparative study of additive manufacturing techniques: residual stress and microstructural analysis of CLAD and WAAM printed Ti–6Al–4V components10.1016/j.matdes.2015.09.115 ↗
94. Residual stresses in laser direct metal deposited Waspaloy10.1016/j.msea.2010.12.010 ↗
95. Effects of substrate preheating on the thin-wall part built by laser metal deposition shaping10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.08.113 ↗
96. Three-dimensional transient finite element analysis for residual stresses in the laser aided direct metal/material deposition process10.2351/1.1961688 ↗
97. Residual stresses in laser direct metal deposited Waspaloy10.1016/j.msea.2010.12.010 ↗
98. Three-dimensional transient finite element analysis for residual stresses in the laser aided direct metal/material deposition process10.2351/1.1961688 ↗
99. A coupled finite element cellular automaton model to predict thermal history and grain morphology of Ti-6Al-4V during direct metal deposition (DMD)
100. Fatigue behaviour of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4 V10.1016/j.proeng.2015.12.632 ↗