Wettability of metals: a critical review

Wettability is the capacity of a liquid to interact and maintain contact with a solid surface, a critical phenomenon that carries importance across diverse disciplines, including materials science, engineering, and physics. This property plays a pivotal role in essential processes such as coating applications, adhesion mechanisms, and lubrication performance. In this review, we systematically examine the existing literature on the wettability of metals, delving into its core principles and the various determinants that affect it, including surface roughness, chemical composition, temperature variations, and environmental factors. We explore how these components interact to influence wettability, particularly in mechanical engineering settings where optimal wettability can significantly enhance performance and longevity. By synthesizing current insights, this review identifies notable gaps in the literature and emphasizes the need for innovative research methodologies to better understand wettability phenomena. We also outline potential avenues for future research aimed at improving our grasp and manipulation of wettability, ultimately contributing to advancements in engineering practices and material designs. This review provides a synthesis of current knowledge and highlights directions for further research on wettability in metallic systems.